{"id":157217,"date":"2016-02-09T12:20:31","date_gmt":"2016-02-09T06:50:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?p=157217"},"modified":"2016-02-13T23:35:16","modified_gmt":"2016-02-13T18:05:16","slug":"near-explosive-danger-the-sinha-le-campaign-those-crusading-righteous","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/near-explosive-danger-the-sinha-le-campaign-those-crusading-righteous\/","title":{"rendered":"Near & Explosive Danger: The Sinha-L\u0113 Campaign & Those Crusading Righteous"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Michael Roberts<\/span><\/a> –<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Dr.<\/a>

Dr. Michael Roberts<\/p><\/div>\n

I recently received (unsolicited) a series of images presenting striking scenes of the Sinha-L\u0113<\/em><\/span><\/a> protests against the denigration of Sri Lanka and the threats (imagined and real) looming over the island from the pressures of the (so-called) \u201cinternational community.\u201d These demonstrations intertwine with the emergence of a front dedicated to \u201cthe defence of the motherland,\u201d namely the mawbima sur\u00e4k\u012bmu<\/em> organization, which has its very own web site where an evocative line from a poem by Pastor Martin Niemoller is deployed to back this clarion call<\/span><\/a>: \u201cit does not matter as to what race, creed, color or religion you belong to — it is your bounden duty to protect our Motherland with all the sinews in your body.\u201d<\/p>\n

These lines of activity and the proliferation of Sinha-L\u0113<\/em> stickers on tuk-tuks<\/em> and sites in the urban arena signal the further eruption of Sinhalese chauvinist extremism associated with the Bodu Bala Sena<\/span><\/a>\u2019s campaign against the Islamic people<\/span><\/a> (e. g. at Alutgama in mid-2014). Where such politically-loaded signals are pasted on the walls of houses where Muslims or other minorities reside (as in Nugegoda recently), the implications are explosive.<\/p>\n

\"Sinha<\/a>In a context where Tamil extremists at home and abroad have insisted that Sri Lanka has committed \u2018genocide\u201d against its people, this type of movement consolidates a political situation where Sinhalese and Tamil extremists at each pole of the divide feed off each other. Albeit in different ways, this circumstance today rekindles the picture of \u201cnear and explosive danger\u201d arising from extremisms at the poles which Sinnappah Arasaratnam painted for us in the 1960s and 1970s.<\/p>\n

With the benefit of hindsight, we know that Arasaratnam\u2019s warnings were justified. Given this reading, do we have the acumen NOW to address and nullify the Tamil and Sinhalese extremisms that are at loggerheads today? \u2026 with each polar force being complicated by the presence of extremist factions competing with each other and rendering compromise and appeasement doubly difficult.<\/p>\n

Sinha-L\u0113<\/em> and the Mawbima<\/em> Patriots<\/strong><\/p>\n

Let me introduce today\u2019s Sinhala extremists through a couple of pictures and selections from the clarion call of the Mawbima<\/em> collective<\/p>\n

\u201cDue to the extremely critical time fast approaching in our contemporary history, a\u00a0website is being launched today to remind all communities to pressurize those scoundrels who have taken refuge in the portals of parliament not to carry on with games that are being played by some of them against our beloved Motherland, \u2026. Already a steady scenario is developing where posters and car stickers bearing the words SINHALE have started to appear without any fear.\u2028https:\/\/youtu.be\/OTGWLWZScJw<\/p>\n

The traitors along with a number of pro-western media, enjoying the freedom of the wild ass, are hurriedly accusing the Sinhales of being racially motivated. \u2026. These are the yakoes that call themselves Sinhalese. Unfortunately the Motherland is unaware of the mutations that have occurred recently but one cannot fool everybody all the time. Genuine patriots will be protected by the power of the Triple Gem as happened in 1971, 1989 and 2009.
\n\u2026. It does not matter as to what race, creed, color or religion you belong to—it is your bounden duty to protect our Motherland with all the sinews in your body,\u201d\u2028http:\/\/mawbimasurakimu.org\/<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The reference to 1971 and 1989 in the Mawbima<\/em> Circular suggests a strong current of JVP ideology of the Pol Pot kind. There are other signs today, quite numerous signs both at home and among the diaspora, of Sinhala Buddhist chauvinist thinking located at the polar extreme. The public expressions of alarm are also threaded by allusions to the historical past that mark the extent to which the justificatory politics of the present rely on readings of the past \u2013 sometimes readings that transpose the present into the past in order to re-affirm present-day dispositions.<\/p>\n

That stressed, a sweeping denunciation of all the motifs in this corpus of protest should be avoided. There are multi-faceted dimensions within the agitation of concerned Sinhala Lankan citizens — with some threads generating support among Sinhalese Lankans and other Lankans (including Thuppahi Lankans) who are not necessarily chauvinist. I seek, here, to identify several facets within the protest that demand consideration and debate.<\/p>\n

There are reasonable grounds for all concerned citizens to investigate the implications of the Indo-Lanka Free Trade Agreement identified by the acronym ISLFTA together with the proposed relationships known as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement<\/span><\/a> or CEPA (Kiringoda 2015). Likewise, the proposal to build<\/span><\/a> a bridge between India and Sri Lanka has to be reviewed dispassionately in ways that strip thinking of the heightened fears of Sri Lankans enmeshed in hoary fears rooted<\/span><\/a> in the past of the Rajarata civilization.<\/p>\n

Again, it would be na\u00efve for readers to dismiss the dangers<\/span><\/a> associated with the R2P ideology in the Western world and the manner in which liberal\/radicals and HR advocates have become instruments of world power politics. That USA and the West were displeased with the degree to which the Mahinda Rajapaksa Regime<\/span><\/a> leaned on China and Pakistan for weapons and relied on China in the economic realm in the period 2007-09 is no secret.<\/p>\n

The degree to which this displeasure directed their response to the progress of Eelam War IV in 2008\/09 is an issue that demands analysis from specialists in this arcane field. Significantly, in his Address to the Press in Chennai on 24 October 2008 Robert Blake (Ambassador in Lanka) affirmed USA\u2019s desire for the \u201cfighting [to] stop] so that \u201ca political solution [could] be agreed on that satisfie[d] Tamil, Sinhalese and Muslim aspirations\u201d\u00a0(Blake 2008). At that moment — in fact from circa April 2008 — some 320-330,000 citizens of Thamililam<\/span><\/a> had been encouraged to retreat ahead of the back-peddling LTTE forces so that they were eventually corralled in declining space and served as a defensive formation and labour pool at the same time that such an operation served as a raison d\u2019etre<\/em> for the \u201cspectre of an impending humanitarian catastrophe<\/span><\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

The LTTE\u2019s international networks went into overdrive in presenting such a picture and were assisted by many other Tamil migrants agitated by the danger facing their relatives and friends (a danger that was largely of the LTTE\u2019s making). USA and its allies, as well as the several human rights agencies, accepted the LTTE\u2019s grand strategy hook, line and sinker. Their principal goal from late 2008 was directed towards persuading both parties to agree to a ceasefire so as to obviate civilian casualties. Simon Jenkins was one of the few reporter-observers from afar who twigged that a ceasefire would materially assist the party on a slippery slope of defeat (Jenkins 2011<\/span><\/a>). Moreover, the Indian General Elections were due in May 2009 and the LTTE had this event in view as yet another potential lifeline.<\/p>\n

USA was alive to the LTTE strategy: \u201cthe LTTE [has] refused to allow civilians to leave because the LTTE needs the civilians as human shields, as a pool for forced conscription, and as a means to try to persuade the international community to force a cease-fire upon the government, since that is the LTTE’s only hope\u201d (Blake, Secret Despatch 133 of 5 Feb. 2009). The several efforts from the Norwegians, USA and other international players in 2009 to persuade the Tigers to accept a ceasefire got nowhere. Blake\u2019s despatches and a report from an UN special envoy named Samuel who visited Colombo in February 2009 indicated \u201cresignation\u201d and \u201chelplessness\u201d about this prospect within the Western cabal embroiled in the Lankan scenario.<\/p>\n

Although he discerned the LTTE\u2019s strategy, the American ambassador proceeded to support it. That is, in effect, he became a Tiger instrument. At a meeting with Sri Lanka\u2019s Foreign Minister on the 18th March 2009, Blake told him \u201cthat the deaths of thousands or even tens of thousands of civilians from [any attack on the safe zone by GSL forces to inflict a final defeat on the Tigers] would cause an international outcry, likely subject the GSL to war crime charges, and almost certainly undermine public support in the U.S. and other donor countries for future reconstruction efforts in the north\u201d (emphasis added).<\/p>\n

So, here then we see an imperialist \u2018satrap\u2019 wielding his might in no uncertain terms in the face of a \u2018pygmy\u2019 Asian state. The little Asian state, however, stood its ground and went on to eliminate the LTTE as a military entity through some remarkable military operations in April and May 2009. (Roberts, \u201cWinning the War,\u201d 2014 & Holmes 2015).<\/p>\n

In consequence, USA and its international cabal have sought to punish Sri Lanka. They have pursued Sri Lanka persistently since mid-2009 with weighted and partisan UN reports and severe UNHCR resolutions. It is no secret that the UN Department of Political Affairs centred in Geneva is staffed by US Foreign Service personnel seconded to that organization and is therefore under American \u2018ownership\u2019.<\/p>\n

This campaign has been backed up by powerful media chains such as the New York Times<\/em>. A recent illustration in January 2016 is provided by an editorial<\/span><\/a> in the NYT which praised the new Sirisena government for some of its measures, including the correction of \u201cthe Rajapaksa government\u2019s tilt towards China,\u201d but then rapped the government on its knuckles for several shortcomings before delivering the punchline: Sri Lanka had to \u201cmove quickly to fulfill his government\u2019s obligation to the United Nations and its moral duty to Sri Lankans\u201d by instituting war crime trials against military personnel who went beyond the pale in 2009. In perfect timing, a couple of days later, Ambassador Samantha Power (US Permanent Representative to the UN) went public with a position statement that indicated that she was \u201cirked by the lack of a probe\u201d into disappearances in Sri Lanka \u2013 a statement that retailed a sob story of one (Tamil) mother she had met in the island during a recent visit (Ceylon Today<\/em>, 30 January 2016). One could not ask for a better example of the background marriage between the US Department of State, the United Nations bureaucracy and American media moghuls.<\/p>\n

One step in this direction was the UNPoE Report \u2013 also called the Darusman Report \u2013 presented by three lawyers who masqueraded as \u201cexperts.\u201d Proceeding explicitly<\/span><\/a> as prosecutors rather than assessors, one of their findings claimed that \u201ca number of credible sources have estimated that there could have been as many as 40,000 civilian deaths\u201d (para 137 on page 41, emphasis added).<\/p>\n

Remarkably \u2013 indeed astonishingly \u2013 this allegation is now presented consistently in media reportage and eminent chambers as a definitive fact. \u201cForty thousand civilians were killed during the last phase of the war\u201d is their assertion (with the implication being that most of the deaths were due to GSL shellfire and weaponry). The process through which this LIE has been accepted so widely in the West is an illustration of the sweeping power of the so called \u201cinternational community\u201d centred around USA and its adjunct media chains. It is not merely a \u201ccommunity.\u201d It is a power cabal.
\nSignificantly, this statistic and the line of condemnation is articulated vociferously by liberal\/radical parties and agencies who are often critics of the governing regimes of USA and its allies on other issues – whether domestic or international. One example is the Australian Greens Party.<\/p>\n

The unity of the liberal\/radicals and the conservatives on the specific issue of Sri Lanka, I stress, stems from the widespread conviction that the SL Tamils had been victimized in that land from the 1950s, with the pogrom of July 1983 providing conclusive evidence in support of this verdict on their part. The fact that the Sinhala-majority and Sri Lanka have contributed to this contemporary alliance by virtue of its past misdeeds does not mean that this contemporary alliance has its present facts right. My point is that some of these so-called facts are quite erroneous or exaggerated. Nay, more: I accuse some of the righteous activists of intellectual dishonesty.<\/p>\n

One-eyed Perspectives & Intellectual Dishonesty. An Achilles Heel?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The consistency with which intellectuals and reporters in the West who stand forth as seekers after \u201ctruth\u201d have refused to read or cite any of the studies (on internet as well as print) which undermine several of the claims presented in such reports as the UNPoE and the Channel 4 videos is truly astonishing. This must, now in 2016, be regarded as a deliberate strategy.<\/p>\n

Studies with both data and arguments that challenge and even eviscerate some of the principal arguments pressed by the international cabal are simply by-passed. They are blanked out of consideration. When powerful nations and agencies (like sections of the United Nations) in their pocket pursue such a Machiavellian policy, we can conclude that their contemporary political interests are the guiding motive.<\/p>\n

When globe-trotting intellectuals (e. g. Kenan Malik from UK<\/span><\/a>) glibly trot out these alleged \u201cfacts,\u201d that is par for the course in dilettante presentations of self. When an Australian reporter with a prolonged experience in South Asia, namely Amanda Hodge, ignores the lessons of war enshrined in Australian Anzac history which demonstrate that even at Gallipoli the number of injured soldiers (WIA) among the Allied forces invariably outnumbered those killed (KIA) \u2013 at ratios varying from 2.18 to 2.23, one is left to wonder whether political interest and media pitch submerges intelligence (Roberts, \u201cDrama,\u201d 2015c).<\/p>\n

However, when such august bodies as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch act like the proverbial three monkeys and bury the evidence provided by, say, by Dr. V. Shanmugarajah and the considerable body of data marshalled by IDAG, the Marga team and assorted researchers, only one conclusion can be drawn: they have deemed Sri Lanka and the government of the Rajapaksas to be abhorrent \u201cbaddies\u201d and would only countenance data that enabled them to excoriate the regime and its agencies.<\/p>\n

I take the Australian Greens Party and an earnest body of civil activists in Sydney incorporated as the Public Interest Advocacy Centre Ltd as my prime example of this species of chicanery. The PIAC deployed a committee of five to compile a report entitled Island of Impunity? Investigation into International Crimes in the Final Stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War<\/em> in early 2014. This instrument was the foundation for an address in the Senate by Christine Milne, Leader of the Australian Greens Party, on 11th February 2014.<\/p>\n

In her address Milne initially stated that \u201c[d]uring the armed conflict between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, human rights abuses and violations of international law were widespread. It is alleged that in the final years of the conflict war crimes and crimes against humanity were committed by both government forces and the LTTE\u2026.\u201d She then went on to conclude that \u201coverwhelmingly the evidence gathered suggests the vast majority of crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan security forces. This includes allegations of attacks in and around civilian areas; restriction of civilian movement; denial of humanitarian assistance; killing, conscripting and enlisting of children; rape and sexual violence; torture and cruel treatment and enforced disappearances.\u201d<\/p>\n

There is a mix of partial fact, distortion and outrageous concoction in this array of accusations, with some of the distortion arising from a blatant neglect of context. The civilians were restricted because they had been encouraged by the LTTE to retreat in 2008 till they were eventually penned within a Tiger corral as a defensive formation and strategic ploy in early 2009 (Roberts \u201cRealities,\u201d 2015. The SL armed services\u2019 operations enabled some 295, 873 civilians and Tiger deserters to survive. One of the serious errors within this set of assertions however is the allusion to the government\u2019s \u201cconscription\u201d of children. The armed services of Sri Lanka were staffed throughout by volunteers and one of the surprising aspects of the long conflict was the manner in which the governments in the period 2005-09 managed to mobilise so many despite the mauling which the SL Army had received in Eelam War III (1995-2001).<\/p>\n

Again, the charge that there was \u201ca denial of humanitarian assistance\u201d is an astounding error. The Greens should trawl through the despatches of the US Embassy in 2009 made public by Wikilelaks. They will find that the \u201cCoordinating Chairs\u201d of Western ambassadors were often urging government officials to expand the aid being sent to the trapped civilians and haranguing the government about the specifics in the IDP detention centres that were being set up. GSL had established a Consultative Committee on Humanitarian Assistance chaired by a Minister, Mahinda Samarasinghe, in October 2006. This body included leading ambassadors, the Chairman of the NGOs Committee, the Director, of the World Food Programme and a government official in charge of essential services among others. It met regularly in 2008 and 2009. These deliberations were geared towards streamlining the humanitarian relief operations in which international agencies (WFP, ICRC, IOM, et cetera) as well as local NGOs (for e.g. Sewalanka, Caritas, SEED, Sarvodaya) were active participants. Government officials were central to the operations. Indeed, well ahead in 2008 the Medical Superintendent in Kilinochchi and other Tamil officials in Tiger territory who were on GSL books showed commendable foresight in stockpiling medical supplies for an anticipated emergency down the track (Shanmugarajah 2014 and Roberts, \u201cMedical Administration,\u201d 2014b).<\/p>\n

When land convoys conveying supplies (e. g. basic foods and medicines) to the war theatre were not feasible after January 2009, the ICRC chartered commercial ships that were escorted to the coastal front by the SL Navy. There, on what was in fact a land-and-water war front, the ICRC ships also evacuated injured and old persons (selected by the LTTE): at least 13,794 men, women and children were evacuated in the period extending from early February to 9th May 2009 and transferred to Pulmoddai (where the Indian government had set up a field hospital) or Trincomalee.<\/p>\n

Milne\u2019s stark errors on the charges of humanitarian aid and child conscription and are clues to the combination of error and prejudice in the thinking of some radicals and liberals who had decided that the Rajapaksa administration was an ogre (Roberts 2009). But note that the five-person team that forged Island of Impunity?<\/em> included one Gordon Weiss, an Australian of Jewish lineage who had been Media Officer with the UN organization in Colombo in 2008\/09 and had risen to media fame after he resigned (in anger) from his post and penned The Cage<\/em> under the imprint of the prestigious Allen & Unwin publishing firm (see Padraig Colman 2013c). He would have been aware that GSL did not resort to child conscription and would have been cognizant of the humanitarian supply and medivac operations involving international and GSL cooperation.. So, how is it that the ICEP Report led Milne to indulge in such outrageous blunders?<\/p>\n

By 2011 Weiss was on a high-flying media conveyer belt: appearing as a guest speaker at the Edinburgh Festival and consulted live on occasions by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. His book The Cage was striking a chord in many hearts. He was also part of a loose network of Australian radicals and liberals in the Sydney\/Canberra area who were vociferous in slamming the Sri Lanka for its evil ways and undemocratic practices. This network included Antony Lowenstein, Jake Lynch, Bruce Haigh and Trevor Grant. Grant was a former journalist in Melbourne who was an active participant in Tamil protest demonstrations at cricket matches that involved the Sri Lankan cricket team in the 2010s. He has recently (2014) brought out an illustrated vilification of the Sri Lankan government of that day entitled Sri Lanka\u2019s Secrets. How the Rajapaksa Regime gets away with Murder<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Let me pinpoint one instance of the clever dissimulation by graphic picture that Grant indulges in. On page 95 readers are presented with a full-page image of a smoke blackened and devastated landscape which is entitled \u201cA safe zone in Mullivaikal is reduced to a scene from Apocalypse Now<\/em>.\u201d The suggestion is that this was a common scenario in the anvil of war and that the Tamil people and fighters were subject to relentless bombardment. But how many readers will be aware that this image is taken from a SL Defence Ministry web site? This site retailed a series of images presenting the scenario circa 13-16th May 2009 \u2013 a point at which the remaining LTTE had heard that the Indian General Elections had produced a clear government majority, an event that meant that there would be no miraculous lifeline. The LTTE then proceeded to blow up its munitions and stock. When the SL Army moved into this locality in the next few days, the grim smoke-blacked scenario was immediately snapped and presented to the world. These snaps include some \u2018feel good\u2019 images of a soldier carrying a Tamil child to safety and a well-built Tamil man with white flag walking through the smoke with a (relieved?) smile on his face. Grant, however, is counting on his readership\u2019s total ignorantce of such specific circumstances when he presents one scene from this particular locality at a particular moment. Such tweaking of \u2018evaluations\u2019, it seems, is permissible in propaganda warfare in a \u2018good cause\u2019. Cheating, in this view, does not trump a righteous campaign!<\/p>\n

This Australian combination is just one illustration. It is probable that similar loose networks of liberals and radicals aligned with the cause of the Tamils on grounds they deem \u201crighteous\u201d exist in USA, Britain and other European countries as well. The issue for students of protest activity is whether their campaigns are overzealous to the point of distortion and blindness.<\/p>\n

My argument here is simple. The continuous work of this international juggernaut since 2009 has been one factor that has aroused the Sinhala extremists to a frenzy of the sort seen in the Sinha-L\u0113 campaign. The eruption of Sinhala extremist agitation and violence within Sri Lanka during the last two\/three years is major concern. Such a broad movement must invariably be due to a multiplicity of factors. I would argue that it is in certain ways a rejuvenation of the \u201c1956 ideology\u201d of Sinhala Buddhist revivalism as shaped subsequently by J\u0101tika Chinthanaya and Mahinda Chinthanaya. The targeting of the local Muslim peoples from circa 2014 has been a surprising dimension which seems to have influenced the recent Sinha-Le<\/em> campaign in powerful manner. The degree to which the American-inspired war crimes process has inspired this reaction is, therefore, a debatable issue; but there are several indications that it is a contributory factor.<\/p>\n

I have not studied the burgeoning literature on the Sinha-Le<\/em> forces in the Sinhala and English languages in ways that enable me to disentangle the several factors, inclusive of class, caste and diasporic interests, that have moulded the movement. It is a complex topic that demands a book-length study. I can only stress that this current of political activity is quite abhorrent and can seriously impair the country\u2019s future by serving up fodder that supports the fears and claims of Tamils moderate as well as extreme. In other words, these hyper-patriot fools are responding to the international combine and Tamil extremists in just the manner desired by the Tamil lobby at home and abroad.<\/p>\n

A Catch 22 Situation for Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/p>\n

So, in this field, we enter a complex realm in any effort to dissect the issues facing Sri Lanka now. There are many Sri Lankans of liberal disposition who are fully alive to the machinations of the Western powers as well as those of the Tamil extremists, while detesting the ultra Sinhalayo<\/em>-thinking that is embodied in such engines as the Mawbima Surakeemay Viyaapaaraya<\/em> and displayed in the political demonstrations pictured in this item as well as other sites.<\/p>\n

They are squeezed in the uncomfortable middle.<\/p>\n

The Buddha\u2019s \u201cMiddle Path\u2019 is of limited value here \u2013 the more so because there are so many militant Buddhists waving a Sinha-L\u0113<\/em> symbol and a Lankan flag shorn of its symbolic encompassment of Muslim and Tamils as \u201cwe Lankans.\u201d When a Muttiah Muralitharan, a Russel Arnold, an Angelo Matthews, a Tuan Dilshan, and a Mohamed Suraj Randiv cannot be embraced as Sri Lankan what hope have we people in the middle, \u2026 and what hope do we have as Lankans all.<\/p>\n

The circumstances today seem bloody hopeless.<\/p>\n

** I have been materially assisted in writing this article by comments from Arun Dias Bandaranaike in Sri Lanka and by references sent by others in the island.<\/em><\/p>\n

Editor’s note – The footnotes and citations cannot be inserted due to technical reasons<\/strong><\/p>\n

BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Arasaratnam, S. 1967 \u201cNationalism, Communalism and National Unity in Ceylon,\u201d in Philip Mason (ed.) India and Ceylon. Unity and Diversity, Oxford University Press, pp. 260-78.<\/p>\n

Arasaratnam, S. 1979 \u201cNationalism in Sri Lanka and the Tamils,\u201d in M. Roberts (ed.) Collective Identities, Nationalisms and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka, Colombo: Marga, pp. 500-19.
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Haigh, Bruce 2014 \u201cBook Review: Sri Lanka\u2019s Secrets by Trevor Grant is Chronicle of Genocide,\u201d 5 December 2014, http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/entertainment\/books\/book-review-sri-lankas-secrets-by-trevor-grant-is-chronicle-of-genocide-20141201-11shqn.html<\/p>\n

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Hodge, Amanda 2015 \u201cSri Lankan poll loser Rajapaksa may quit to dodge prosecution,\u201d The Australian, 20 August 2015, http:\/\/m.theaustralian.com.au\/news\/world\/sri-lankan-poll-loser-rajapaksa-may-quit-to-dodge-prosecution\/story-e6frg6so-1227490467880<\/p>\n

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Jenkins, Simon 2011 \u201cSimon Jenkins pulverized Miliband\u2019s asinine foreign interventions in 2009,\u201d http:\/\/www.aspensrental.com\/simon-jenkins-pulverized-milibands-assinine-foreign-interventions-in-2009\/<\/p>\n

Kanapathypilai, Valli 1990 \u201cJuly 1983: The Survivor\u2019s Experience,\u201d in Veena Das (ed.) Mirrors of Violence, Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 321-44.<\/p>\n

Kiringoda, Thilina 2015 \u201cCEPA with India: Opportunity or Threat to Sri Lankan Professionals?\u201d, 12 May 2015 https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/cepa-with-india-opportunity-or-threat-to-sri-lankan-professionals\/<\/p>\n

Kurukulasuriya, Uvindu 2013 \u201cThe Politics of the Decision to kill Lasantha Wickramatunga \u2026,\u201d 8 January 2013, https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/the-politics-of-the-decision-to-kill-lasantha-according-to-wife-its-not-related-to-journalism\/<\/p>\n

Loewenstein, Antony 2009 \u201cTamils block Sydney Street in Protest,\u201d 8April 2009, http:\/\/antonyloewenstein.com\/2009\/04\/08\/tamils-block-sydney-street-in-protest\/<\/p>\n

Malik, Kenan 2016 \u201cIn the Haunting Light of Jaffna,\u201d 29 January 2016, https:\/\/kenanmalik.wordpress.com\/2016\/01\/29\/in-the-haunting-light-of-jaffna\/<\/p>\n

Mango 2014 \u201cSri Lanka\u2019s War in its Last Phase: Where WIA Figures defeat the Gross KIA Estimates,\u201d 14 February 2014, https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/sri-lankas-war-in-its-last-phase-where-wia-figures-defeat-the-gross-kia-estimates\/<\/p>\n

Marga 2011 An Analysis and Evaluation of The Report of the Advisory Panel to the UNSG in the Final Stages of the War in Sri Lanka, https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/ s\/0eybj1ynej6spaa\/The%20Darusman%20Report-%20Final%20doc-2.doc<\/p>\n

Marga 2014 Issues of Truth and Accountability. The Last Stages of the War in Sri Lanka, https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/tdxwntf7wu5andq\/The%20Last%20Stages%20of%20the%20war%20in%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf?n=66191473.<\/p>\n

Milne, Christine 2014 \u201cChristine Milne speaks on Human Rights Abuses in Sri Lanka,\u201d 11 Feb 2014, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2OXs4UA5WLo<\/p>\n

Mohammed Shareef 2015 \u201cHate Campaign against Religious Minorities: A case study of the Aluthgama Musims in Sri Lanka,\u201d 31 July 2015, http:\/\/www.sonakar.com\/?p=58812.<\/p>\n

New York Times 2016 \u201cTime for Justice in Sri Lanka,\u201d 28 January 2016, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/01\/29\/opinion\/time-for-justice-in-sri-lanka.html<\/p>\n

Noble, Kath 2013 \u201cNumbers Game reviewed by Kath Noble: The Full Monty,\u201d 14 July 2013, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/14\/numbers-game-reviewed-by-kath-noble-the-full-monty\/<\/p>\n

Padraig Colman 2011 \u201cChannel 4 and the Fog of War,\u201d 27 August 2011, http:\/\/www.island.lk\/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=33362<\/p>\n

Padraig Colman 2013a \u201cDeadly Accountancy Part 2,\u201d 7 July 2013, https:\/\/pcolman.wordpress.com\/2013\/05\/07\/deadly-accountancy-part-2\/<\/p>\n

Padraig Colman 2013b \u201cThe Numbers Game and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka,\u201d 13 June 2013, http:\/\/www.transconflict.com\/2013\/06\/the-numbers-game-and-reconciliation-in-sri-lanka-136\/<\/p>\n

Padraig Colman 2013c \u201cThe Cage by Gordon Weiss,\u201d 14 May 2013, https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/the-cage-by-gordon-weiss\/<\/p>\n

Paranagama, Maxwell et al 2015 Report on the Second Mandate of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Complaints of Abductions and Disappearances.<\/p>\n

Peiris, Gerald H. 2010 \u201cThe Doctrine of Responsibility to Protect: Impulses, Implications and Impact,\u201d 30 June 2010, http:\/\/www.slguardian.org\/2010\/06\/the-doctrine-of-responsibility-to-protect-impulses-implications-and-impact\/<\/p>\n

PTI 2015 \u201cIndia to build Sea Bridge, Tunnel to connect Sri Lanka at a cost of Rs 24,000 Crore: Nitin Gadkari,\u201d 15 December 2015, http:\/\/articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com\/2015-12-16\/news\/69090810_1_union-minister-nitin-gadkari-seamless-movement-connectivity<\/p>\n

Public Interest Advocacy Centre Ltd 2014 \u201cNew Evidence of War Crimes in Sri Lankan Civil War,\u201d 4 February 2015, http:\/\/www.piac.asn.au\/news\/2014\/02\/new-evidence-war-crimes-sri-lankan-civil-war<\/p>\n

Raja Mohan, C. 2015 \u201cRaja-Mandala: A Bridge to Sri Lanka,\u201d 15 September 2015, http:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/a-bridge-to-sri-lanka\/<\/p>\n

Ramachandran, Sudha 2016 \u201cLanka\u2019s Pluralist Society faces Sinhala Chauvinist Threat,\u201d 20 January 2016, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2016\/01\/21\/lankas-pluralist-society-faces-sinhala-chauvinist-threat\/#more-19247.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1978 \u201cEthnic Conflict in Sri Lanka and Sinhalese Perspectives: Barriers to Accommodation,\u201d Modern Asian Studies, 12: 353-376.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1994 \u201cMentalities: Ideologues, Assailants, Historians and the Pogrom against the Moors in 1915,\u201d in Roberts, Exploring Confrontation: Politics, Culture and History Reading,<\/p>\n

Harwood Academic Publishing, 1994, pp. 183-212 [reprinted under an altered title as chapter 5 in Roberts, Confrontations, Colombo, Vijtha Yapa, 2009].<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1994 \u201cThe Agony and the Ecstasy of a Pogrom: Southern Lanka, July 1983,\u201d in Roberts, Exploring Confrontation: Politics, Culture and History Reading, Harwood Academic Publishing, 1994, pp. 317-30 [also reprinted in N\u0113thra, April-Sept. 2003, vol. 6, pp. 199-213].<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2009 \u201cThe Rajapakse Regime and the Fourth Estate,\u201d 12 August 2009, http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2009\/12\/08\/the-rajapakse-regime-and-the-fourth-estate\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2011a \u201cPeople of Righteousness march on Sri Lanka,\u201d The Island, 22 June 2011 and http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/27\/people-of-righteousness-target-sri-lanka\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2011b \u201cAmnesty International reveals its Flawed Tunnel-Vision in Sri Lanka in 2009,\u201d 10 Aug. 2011, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/08\/10\/amnesty-international-reveals-its-flawed-tunnel-vision-on-sri-lanka-in-2009\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2012 \u201cBlackmail during the Endgame in Eelam War IV,\u201d 12 April 2012, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2012\/04\/12\/blackmail-during-the-endgame-in-eelam-war-iv\/<\/p>\n

Roberts Michael 2013 \u201cSinhalaness and its Reproduction, 1232-1818,\u2033 9 February 2013. http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/02\/09\/sinhalaness-and-its-reproduction-1232-1818\/#more-8479<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2014 \u201cGenerating Calamity, 2008-2014: An Overview of Tamil Nationalist Operations and Their Marvels,\u201d 10 April 2014, http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2014\/04\/10\/generating-calamity-2008-2014-an-overview-of-tamil-nationalist-operations-and-their-marvels\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2014 \u201cMedical Administration and Relief within the Vanni Pocket, January to mid-May 2009,\u201d 1 July 2014, http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2014\/01\/07\/medical-administration-and-relief-within-the-vanni-pocket-january-to-mid-may-2009\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2014 \u201cWinning the War: Evaluating the Impact of API WENUWEN API,\u201d 14 September 2014, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/01\/winning-the-war-evaluating-the-impact-of-api-wenuwen-ap\/<\/p>\n

Roberts Michael 2014 \u201cPrimordialist Strands in Contemporary Sinhalese Nationalism: Urumaya as Ur,\u201d 24 December 2014, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/12\/24\/primordialist-strands-in-contemporary-sinhalese-nationalism-urumaya-as-ur\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2014 Tamil Person and State. Essays, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publishers.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2014 Tamil Person and State. Pictorial, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publishers.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2014 \u201cTowards Citizenship in Thamil\u012blam: The Tamil People of the North, 1983-2010,\u201d in Roberts, TPS. Essays, 2014, pp. 132-83 and https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/towards-citizenship-in-thamililam-the-tamil-people-of-the-north-1983-2010\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2015a \u201cTargeting Sri Lanka by playing Ball with Tamil Extremism,\u201d 24 July 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wpadmin\/post.php?post=17127&action=edit&postpost=v2<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2015b \u201cAmbassador Blake in Never-Never-Land: Misreading LTTE Capacity in Early 2009,\u201d 26 August 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/08\/26\/ambassador-blake-in-never-never-land-misreading-ltte-capacity-in-early-2009\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2015c \u201cA Drama in Four Acts: Dishonest Reportage by Amnesty International and Aussie Journalists remains Unmasked,\u201d 2 September 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=17560&action=edit&postpost=v2<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2015d \u201cAmerican Action and Inaction on Sri Lanka, 2008\/09: A Critical Evaluation,\u201d 5 September 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/08\/robert-blake-on-u-s-perspectives-on-sri-lanka-at-chennai-24-october-2008\/#more-17684<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2015 \u201cDiannah Paramour arouses an Australian Tamil Tiger Nest, Mid-2015,\u201d 18 September 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/18\/diannah-paramour-arouses-an-australian-tamil-tiger-nest-mid-2015\/#more-17797<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2015d \u201cThe Realities of Eelam War IV,\u201d 27 October 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/10\/27\/the-realities-of-eelam-war-iv\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2015 \u201cLilliputs in a World of Giants: Marga and CHA bat for Lanka in the Propaganda War, 2009-14,\u201d 18 November 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/11\/18\/lilliputs-in-a-world-of-giants-marga-and-cha-bat-for-lanka-in-the-propaganda-war-2009-14\/#more-18467<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2015 \u201cSturdy Advocacy: Marga\u2019s Questioning of the UNPoE\u2019s Assassination Job,\u201d 25 November 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=18544&action=edit&postpost=v2<\/p>\n

Sathiya Moorthy, N. 2015 \u201cA Bridge across Palk Strait,\u201d The Hindu, December 2015, http:\/\/www.thehindubusinessline.com\/opinion\/a-bridge-across-the-palk-strait\/article6827094.ece?homepage=true<\/p>\n

Serasinghe, Sharmini 2016 \u201cThe Tragi-comic Sinha-Le Tribe,\u201d 28 January 2016, https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/the-tragicomic-sinha-le-tribe\/comment-page-2\/#comment-1928646<\/p>\n

Shanmugarajah, V. 2014 \u201cDr. Veerakanthipillai Shanmugarajah\u2019s Affidavit Description of Conditions in the Vanni Pocket in Refutation of Channel Four,\u201d 5 January 2014, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/05\/drveerakanthipillai-shanmugarajahs-affidavit-description-of-conditionsin-the-vanni-pocket-in-refutation-of-channel-four\/<\/p>\n

Sharma, B. C. 2015 \u201cBridge over the Palk Strait,\u201d Sunday Observer, 9 August 2015, http:\/\/www.sundayobserver.lk\/2015\/08\/09\/fea10.asp.<\/p>\n

Sunday Times 2015 \u201cMarga\/CHA confront the OISL Investigation in Geneva, September 2014: Godfrey Gunatilleke in Q and A with Lasanda Kurukulasuriya,\u201d 19 November 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/11\/19\/margacha-confront-the-oisl-investigation-in-geneva-september-2014-godfrey-gunatilleke-in-q-and-a-with-lasanda-kurukulasuriya\/#more-18492<\/p>\n

Thiagarajah, Jeevan 2015 \u201cConfronting the OCHR Investigation in Geneva, September 2014: Memorandum from Jeevan Thiagarajah,\u201d 19 November 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/11\/19\/confronting-the-ochr-investigation-in-geneva-september-2014-memorandum-from-jeevan-thiagarajah\/#more-18481<\/p>\n

Weiss, Gordon 2011 \u201cSri Lanka faces its \u2018Srebrenica Moment\u2019,\u201d 23 April 2011, http:\/\/www.theaustralian.com.au\/news\/world\/sri-lanka-faces-its-srebrenica-moment\/story-e6frg6ux-1226043466322<\/p>\n

Weiss, Gordon 2011 The Cage, Sydney: Picador.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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