{"id":157811,"date":"2016-02-19T15:25:11","date_gmt":"2016-02-19T09:55:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?p=157811"},"modified":"2016-02-26T14:10:11","modified_gmt":"2016-02-26T08:40:11","slug":"secular-fundamentalism-in-one-eyed-overkill","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/secular-fundamentalism-in-one-eyed-overkill\/","title":{"rendered":"Secular Fundamentalism In One-Eyed Overkill"},"content":{"rendered":"

By\u00a0Michael Roberts<\/span><\/a> –<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Dr.<\/a>

Dr. Michael Roberts<\/p><\/div>\n

Because of such incidents as the Charlie Hebdo killings<\/a><\/span> in January 2015 and the recent assaults in Paris in November 2015 those living in Western countries today are only too aware of the threat posed by Islamic fundamentalists.[1]<\/a> A tiny minority from within a specific strand of Islam known as Salafi<\/a><\/span> has etched its fundamentalism within world consciousness.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ironically, but in fact meaningfully, the term \u201cfundamentalism\u201d took root in the English language from its Christian expressions<\/a><\/span> in USA from the 1920s.[3]<\/a> Such religious inspirations should not blind us to the existence of many forms of fundamentalist extremism, including those of a radical liberal kind. This is a tendentious claim.<\/p>\n

It is for this reason, its tendentious character, that I pen this essay. The radical liberal strands of fundamentalism in the modern world are secular in leaning and constitute a fascinating field of study. My focus here is on a range of well-meaning enterprises: those marching forth to cleanse the world of \u201cevil\u201d in the form of carbon pollution, and smoke inhalation for instance;[4]<\/a> and those pursuing \u2013 selectively in most instances — paedophiles, war criminals and sexual predators (e. g. Jimmy Saville<\/a><\/span>, Rolf Harris, Bill Cosby<\/a><\/span>[5]<\/a>).<\/p>\n

I read these currents of exposure and judicial trial as a form of secular fundamentalism. Currents of self-righteous moralism and a black-and-white epistemology<\/a><\/span> motivate and thread the work of the accusers, hunters and media reporters at the leading edge of such efforts. Their projects can often be worthy. Having seen the film version of a true story in Spotlight<\/em>, which details how a team of journalists from the Boston Globe uncovered the systematic paedophile activities of frocked elements in the Catholic Church, activities that were then covered up in ways that meant a re-cycling of the miscreant priests, it is far from my intention to discard such endeavours wholesale.<\/p>\n

However, my interest is in unpacking the motivating spirit of righteousness and its wider implications \u2013 including excess and blindness arising, as it seems to me, from that spirit itself.<\/p>\n

For this reason, my opening illustration is a gambit extracted from a surprising arena — a gambit drawn from the cricket field, one arising from Australian umpire Ross Emerson\u2019s recent resuscitation of the tale<\/a><\/span> surrounding his no-balling of the star Sri Lankan bowler Muralitharan<\/a><\/span> on 23rd January 1998. For the benefit of those unfamiliar with this moment let me stress that the story begins in 26th<\/sup> December 1995 when Muralitharan was first called for \u201cthrowing the ball\u201d by Darrell Hair at the MCG<\/a><\/span> in Melbourne.<\/p>\n

Righteous Fundamentalism in the Field of Cricket<\/strong><\/p>\n

Emerson\u2019s recent return (2016) to the public limelight has been through the good offices of a sports reporter<\/a><\/span> named Simon King<\/a><\/span> and includes explicit charges of racist prejudice towards the White cricketing nations on the part of the Black and Brown nations acting in cohort. Not surprisingly, there is a suggestion of White prejudice inscribed within Emerson\u2019s outpourings \u2013 prejudice of the type that underpinned the Christian forms of fundamentalism in those localities in USA where the very concept \u201cfundamentalism\u201d originated.<\/p>\n

But that is to digress. What I wish to stress is the force of righteousness directing and empowering those Australians in the cricket world<\/a><\/span> who decided to no-ball Muralitharan as a beachhead in their campaign to clean cricket of those throwing the ball, that is \u201cchucking\u201d in disparaging Aussie parlance. The actions taken by Darrell Hair, Ross Emerson, Tony McQuillan and their backers behind the scenes from 1995-98 were not primarily directed by White racism.[6]<\/a> They were concerned about the number of suspect bowling actions figuring in the cricket world, with many (e.g. Warnaweera, Dharmasena, Muralithran) happening to be from the Asian scene.<\/p>\n

Since Australia was the kingpin in international cricket circles in the early 1990s, this coterie of Aussies took upon themselves the task of cleansing the green fields of cricket. In their earnest view, the evil of \u201cchucking\u201d had to be exorcised. They were determined to draw a line in the sand, so to speak, and sustain cricket in its pure form. That they chose to target Sri Lanka\u2019s best bowler was, perhaps, no accident; but it was a secondary dimension within a righteous fundamentalist operation.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

The no-balling of Muralitharan by Darrell Hair at the MCG on the 26th<\/sup> December 1995 was a pre-planned act to which several influential figures in the Australian Cricket Board were privy.[8]<\/a> Hair even broke with convention by executing this damning act from the unusual position of head-umpire.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

I was watching the match at the MCG that day and immediately explored the ideological circumstances leading to this intervention, a cause celebre<\/em> if ever there was one. On returning to Adelaide I penned an essay in some anger on the 1st<\/sup> January 1996. It was entitled \u201cFundamentalism in Cricket: Crucifying Muralitharan.\u201d Appearing initially in a Sri Lankan newspaper, this article is available in print in Roberts & James, Crosscurrents. Sri Lanka and Australia at Cricket<\/em>, Sydney, Walla Walla Press, 1998, pp. 124-25.<\/p>\n

That article attends to the ambiguities in the law on \u201cthrowing,\u201d but attaches the greatest weight to Muralitharan\u2019s peculiar anatomy in order to reach this conclusion: \u201cHair [and his backers] \u2026 have not attended to Muralitharan\u2019s unique anatomy: a plasticine wrist and a 32 per cent deficiency at the elbow.[10]<\/a> Their epistemology is based on either\/or assumptions: every phenomenon is either black or white; there are no grey areas\u2026. The Book reigns.\u201d Today, in the light of subsequent developments in the cricket world in regard to bowling actions,[11]<\/a> I reiterate this assessment, but place even greater weight on the righteous desire on the part of these scheming Australians[12]<\/a> to eradicate what they considered to be a blight on cricket.<\/p>\n

Human Rights Fundamentalism<\/strong><\/p>\n

A similar tendency towards excess has characterized the campaigns of the moral crusaders directing the liberal\/radical human rights agencies such as Amnesty International<\/a><\/span> and Human Rights Watch in their watch-dog interventions during the last stages of Eelam War IV. The readings of the Sri Lankan situation in the West were informed in part by the assessment of the causes for the Sinhala-Tamil divide that was particularly influenced by the outrageous pogrom directed against Tamils in July 1983<\/span><\/a>. Thus, the liberal\/radical currents of thinking in the West saw the Sri Lankan Tamils as victims of Sinhala chauvinism. This was an oversimplified part-truth[13]<\/a> that continued to sway thinking in the 2000s despite changed circumtances.<\/p>\n

This partiality dominated evaluations of Eelam War IV in the West despite the definitive evidence (for instance: Hoole 2001, Padraig Colman 2016) that Pirapaharan and the LTTE were a fascist regime and despite the LTTE\u2019s repeated use of a ceasefire as a platform for refreshing itself before reviving its singular goal: namely, an independent state of Eelam (Thamil\u012blam<\/em>).<\/p>\n

There is good reason to surmise that USA and its allies were displeased by the extent to which the Sri Lankan government under Mahinda Rajapaksa leaned on China for loans and military gear from the year 2007 onwards.[14]<\/a> This hostility was deepened when the dirty underground war that is integral to most warring contexts saw elements in GSL resorting to the killing and abduction of local journalists, with the assassination of Lasantha Wickrematunge in early January 2009 causing the greatest furore (Kurululasuriya 2013 & Roberts 2009).<\/p>\n

Needless to say, the killing of Wickramatunga incensed journalists in many parts of the world and the Western media machines in particular, while consolidating the jaundiced evaluation of the Sinhala-dominated Rajapaksa regime already reposing in liberal\/radical circles in the West \u2013 circles that embraced Amnesty International<\/a><\/span>, Human Rights Watch as well as the International Crisis Group and the Greens Party in Australia.<\/p>\n

The Wickramatunga killing occurred when Eelam War IV had reached a climactic moment and the LTTE war machine was in a bad way in early 2009 \u2013 having lost control of the arterial road A9 and been forced to abandon its administrative capital at Kilinochchi. Here, we must backtrack several months in order to gain some understanding of the evolving battle theatre and the LTTE\u2019s grand strategy in defence<\/a><\/span> \u2013 a strategy that included a highly effective propaganda campaign<\/a><\/span> directed at winning over forces in the West.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

By late 2007 the LTTE had lost its rogue warehouse ships due to the enterprise of the SL Navy in the preceding year. So its means of replenishing munitions and weaponry was limited. This was further restricted in early 2008 when the Sri Lankan Army began a slow march forward along the western coast of the island that curtailed the LTTE\u2019s supply chain from India. At this point, circa March-April 2008, the Tiger leadership encouraged the local population to move eastwards ahead of the slowly advancing GSL forces, while deploying bunds, ditches and mines to defend their territory and\/or slow down the SL Army which outmanned and outgunned them.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Thus, in mid-2008 the Tiger high command developed a grand propaganda strategy<\/a><\/span>: they presented a picture of \u201can impending humanitarian catastrophe\u201d \u2013 namely, mass civilian deaths. As the Tiger political leader Pulidevan told European friends: \u201cjust as in Kosovo if enough civilians died in Sri Lanka the world would be forced to step in\u201d<\/strong> (Harrison 2012: 63). In other words, the Tamil citizens encased within their declining battle theatre served as a raison d\u2019etre<\/em> and bargaining tool for Western interventions that would keep the LTTE state afloat.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

This spectre of a \u201ccalamity\u201d was not a fiction. But it was a situation, a context, which the LTTE had engineered. Thus, from mid-2008 the geo-political parametres of the war were of Tamil Tiger making. The people, in fact, were more than \u201chuman shields\u201d or sandbags set up by the LTTE. In the context of declining terrain in their hands, the mass of people was a central defensive formation and a potential lifeline.<\/p>\n

The LTTE propaganda machinery abroad was extensive and now had the support of many Tamils who were not necessarily Tiger supporters, but were deeply agitated<\/a><\/span> by the fate that could befall friends and relatives trapped in the declining space of LTTE territory.[18]<\/a> The LTTE command in Lanka deployed the medical doctors and Tamil functionaries in INGO and NGO agencies working among the Tamil people to circulate reports of increasing deaths, injuries and malnutrition among the three lakhs of people that the LTTE had corralled within their declining territory.[19]<\/a> These reports, crafted by the LTTE, were part-truth, part-exaggeration and part wholesale fabrication.<\/p>\n

This reportage was massively and widely effective — providing grist for the picture of \u201cimpending catastrophe.\u201d The impact of Western media coverage was sharpened by the partialities of key media personnel. Marie Colvin, the intrepid American war reporter attached to The Times<\/em> of London, was nothing less than a Tiger voice. She had been injured on 16th<\/sup> April 2001<\/a><\/span> when returning to government controlled territory after slipping into Thamil\u012blam <\/em>and securing a journalistic coup through interviews with the Tiger political commissars. She peddled some lies on that occasion about the circumstances of her injury (Roberts, \u201cTruth Journalism,\u201d 2014). Now, in 2009, she regurgitated the tales conveyed by TamilNet <\/em>or calls from her friends in LTTE territory as \u2018definitive\u2019 news items to an audience which may conceivably have believed that she was reporting from the front.[20]<\/a> In Colombo Ravi Nessman<\/a><\/span>, the Bureau Chief for Associated Press, was driven by considerable animus towards the GSL.[21]<\/a> He also seems to have interacted closely with the Media Officer attached to the UN, one Gordon Weiss. In early May 2009 Weiss went on air in an Associated Press report to arouse alarm bells about the \u201cbloodbath\u201d that was on the cards in the coastal stub remaining under LTTE control. [22]<\/a><\/p>\n

In sum, while some facets of the Sri Lankan government\u2019s bad press in the West were of the government\u2019s own making, the Tiger and Sri Lankan Tamil campaign was overwhelming in its force and success. This does not mean that its claims were valid, either in whole or in all of its parts. The dubious and fake dimensions<\/a><\/span> of the Channel 4 \u2018documentaries\u2019 constitute one arena for serious questioning,[23]<\/a> but that knotty issue is not my focus here. My interest is in the manner in which self-righteous and seemingly ethical organisations have consistently by-passed empirical data and arguments that undermine several of their conclusions. <\/strong>Such prima facie evidence of blatant dishonesty should normally result in their denunciations being disqualified \u2013 in cricketing terms their specific acts of \u2018bowling\u2019 should be debarred as \u201cwide,\u201d \u201cno-ball\u201d or \u201cthrow.\u201d This has not occurred. Such an outcome highlights inequalities of power in the media world as well as the world\u2019s institutional configurations. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nevertheless, let me conclude with a picture of this potential Achilles heel.<\/p>\n

An Achilles Heel? Empirical Distortions and Outright Blindness<\/strong><\/p>\n

The UN in Sri Lanka had set up a \u201cCrisis Operations Group\u201d and one can assume that Gordon Weiss was a key figure in this work. This team<\/a><\/span> \u201cestimated a total figure of 7,721 killed and 18,479 injured from August 2008 up to 13 May 2009, after which it became too difficult to count.\u201d[24]<\/a> Then, after the fighting ended on the 19th<\/sup> May, the various aid agencies in Sri Lanka acted in concert to make a rough count of the wounded civilians in camps and hospitals in late June: a \u201cpreliminary calculation [showed] 15,000-20,000 wounded civilians, including roughly 200 children with amputatiions\u201d (Weiss, The Cage<\/em>, 2011, pp. 320-21). This was an important initiative.<\/p>\n

It is a universal outcome among armies at war that their wounded outnumber the dead, sometimes resting at seven wounded to one dead, but varying according to circumstances. A comparative studies of casualty ratios in wars from 1940 to 1988 in the British Medical Journal<\/em> in 1999 showed that the \u201cnumber of people wounded is at least twice the number killed and may be 13 times as high<\/u>\u201d depending on the conflict type, weapons used and other factors (Mango 2013). At the Gallipoli Peninsula in 2015\/16, however, 8,709 Australians were killed (KIA) and 19,441 were wounded (WIA). So the ratio of Australian wounded to dead was 2.23.<\/p>\n

The Tamil people and Tiger personnel[25]<\/a> were locked within a restricted space-cum-battle-theatre in the north eastern corner of Lanka that was not unlike the compacted Gallipoli Peninsula between the Aegean Sea and the Dardanelles. The compilation of the numbers with wounds in May-June 2009 by aid agencies therefore suggests that the death toll of Tamils (including some Tigers as well as civilian conscripts in the category \u201cbelligerents\u201d) would have been around 9,000-10,000. This figure is in step with the guesswork computation of 10-15,000 dead for both Tigers and civilians together that has been provided by the grounded reasoning of Narendran Rajasingham.[26]<\/a> The computations of Citizen Silva, however, are higher: reckoning that as many as 18,000 civilians died from crossfire, shellfire and Tiger killings of people escaping (IDAG 2013). The latter figure does not sit comfortably alongside the compilations of the aid agencies in mid-2009 because it amounts to one\/one ratio for KIA\/WIA if we deploy the aid-agency figures for wounded.<\/p>\n

Gordon Weiss in the meanwhile seems to have completely forgotten the aid-agency computation. Having resigned from the UN and returned to his native Australia, he hit the limelight in media and human rights circles. He commented on Sri Lankan affairs on TV for ABC on occasions, starred in launches of The Cage<\/em> (2011a) and had a speaking spot at the prestigious Edinburgh Festival<\/a>. His representation of the Sri Lankan war as the island\u2019s \u201cSrebenica Moment<\/span>,<\/a>\u201d needless to say, was a sensational news headline (2011b).<\/p>\n

Weiss was also recruited to a team of five by the Public Interest Advocacy Centre in Sydney in 2013\/1114 to draw up a report on the Sri Lankan war, with the other four members being John Ralston, Professor Paola Gaeta, Professor William Schabas and Col. (Retired) Desmond Travers.[27]<\/a> This committee\u2019s report appeared in February 2014 as Island of Impunity? Investigation into International Crimes in the Final Stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War<\/em> and served as the foundation<\/em>[28]<\/a> for a hard-hitting condemnation of the Sri Lankan government in <\/em>a Senate speech<\/a><\/span> by Christine Milne, Leader of the Australian Greens. In tune with the report, Milne took the moral high ground. <\/em><\/p>\n

However, two of her condemnatory claims were wholly fictitious and others carried some exaggeration. I have indicated these errors<\/a><\/span> elsewhere, while birching Milne for<\/em> \u201ca blatant neglect of context\u201d in her summary analysis of the events (Roberts 2016). What calls for emphasis here are two outstanding facts that Milne and PIAC team conveniently dowplayed: namely, (A) that the SL Armed Services operations in the five months of 2009 enabled some <\/strong>295,000 civilians and Tigers (deserters and captives) to survive; and (B) the computation for injured civilians and Tigers worked out by aid agencies in Lanka and recorded by Weiss himself (stressed above).<\/em><\/p>\n

The erasure of the latter is particularly astounding because of its occurrence in Australia. The Gallipoli campaign is etched in stone in the Australian firmament. The high casualty figures at Gallipoli and the fact that the wounded outnumbered the dead by two to one would also be widely known. So, one can raise more than an eyebrow in asking how this cohort of intellectuals bypassed the implications of the Gallipoli lessons of war for the death toll statistics on Sri Lanka they borrowed from <\/strong>the slipshod work of the UN Panel of Experts.<\/strong><\/p>\n

When a body of intelligent people pursuing an ethical course with fervour indulge in such blunders one is confronted with a puzzle.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Puzzle<\/strong><\/p>\n

One\u2019s resolution of this puzzle must necessarily be conjecture. We are dealing here with people of righteousness in powerful positions in the international firmament. That is why I commenced this analysis with the tale of Aussie men of power setting out in the mid-1990s to cleanse the world of cricket by erasing \u201cchuckers\u201d from the game. A sense of ethical rectitude blinded Simpson, Merriman, Hair, Emerson and company in 1995-98: they could not see that premeditated umpiring decisions prompted from committee rooms<\/span> i<\/a>n conspiratorial manner were quite contrary to cricketing ethics and match-rules. In their righteous certitude from a position of power in the international cricket circuit, Muralitharan had to be thrown out to protect cricket from the evil of chucking.<\/p>\n

Likewise, then, the human rights advocates of PIAC joined their brethren abroad in condemning the Sri Lankan government \u2013 with some secondary attention to the LTTE. They adopted dual roles as prosecuting agencies and judicial courts \u2013 a procedure that is quite opposed to natural justice and built on a conflict of interest. They stood figuratively on Mount Sinai in biblical vestments, quite blind to the empirical data and contextual circumstances that demand amendments in their evaluations. Like, but yet unlike, the religious fanatics of today, secular fundamentalists, it seems, can dictate and denounce in a one-eyed manner. There are none so blind as people of fervour who see only one horizon.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> See CSP, I November 2015, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3OfAJABOhxI<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> See Roxanne Euben, Enemy in the Mirror,<\/em> 1991; Abdul-Haqq Baker, Extremists in Our Midst: Confronting Terror,<\/em> Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 and Roel Meijer, Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement. Columbia University Press. 2009, p.\u00a034. ISBN<\/em><\/a>\u00a0978-0-231-15420-8<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

3 Note Susan Harding, \u201cRepresenting Fundamentalism,\u201d 1991.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[4]<\/a> They seem to studiously ignore the excessive consumption of alcohol whether wine, whisky or beer. I do not think that anyone has demanded an end of the Bier Fest<\/em> at Munchen or the wine festivals along the Rhine and the Moselle.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> See http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/crime\/jimmy-savile-a-report-that-reveals-54-years-of-abuse-by-the-man-who-groomed-the-nation-8447146.html<\/a> and http:\/\/www.etonline.com\/news\/154160_timeline_of_bill_cosby_sexual_assault_allegations\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> But, in surmise, I suspect that there was a thread of \u201cOrientalism\u201d among the conspirators in positions of power Orientalism refers to a body of thinking in educated western circles which sees people and places beyond the West (whether Nauru, PNG or India for instance) as less moral. less clean and less safe.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Roberts, \u201cControversies,\u201d and \u201cFundamentalism,\u201d in Crosscurrent<\/em>s, 1998.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Quintus de Zylva 2014. As I noted in my initial essays, Tim Lane on ABC Radio indicated that early that day he had been told that something would happen; while Graeme Halbisch (the ACB CEO told Owen Mottau \u2013 both being buddies from the Prahran CC \u2013 that a storm would break while the two were travelling to the MCG by car that 26th<\/sup> morning. Other grapevine reports (always problematic such tales) claim that a senior Aussie in the management (one can guess who) was seen in deep conversation with Hair previous to the match.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> A Head Umpire cannot watch where the bowler\u2019s foot lands (to assess whether the delivery is a no-ball or not) and evaluate the bowling arm-action at the same time. Previous to this moment all umpiring calls for throwing the ball had come from the Square-Leg Umpire. Listen to the TV commentary at this moment<\/a>: Tony Greig was quite puzzled as to what Hair was doing when the first no-ball call occurred.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> This note is based on a medical examination of Muralitharan in Melbourne that was carried out by Dr. Buddy Reid (a former Ceylon Cricketer) as reported in The Age.<\/em> For subsequent studies, see the diagrams and images presented as figs. 24a, b and c; 25a and 25b and 28a, b and c in Roberts, Incursions<\/em>, 2011 in association with my article \u201cSaving Murali,\u201d in that book. These illustrations point to the work done (separately) by a University of Western Australia team led by Dr. Bruce Elliot, that of Dr Ravindra Goonetileke at the University of Hong Kong and Dr Mandheep Dillon (an Indian) in Colombo.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> See Kamran Abbasi 2006; Peter Roebuck 2006 and Roberts, \u201cSaving Murali,\u201d 2011.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> More recently Quintus de Zylva has explicitly highlighted the Australian Cricket Board\u2019s complicity in the whole enterprise. (see de Zylva 2014).<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> The sharpening of the political conflict between 1948 and 1983 was due to a multiplicity of factors and included a structural cause associated with the demographic distribution in the context of an electoral system based on a first-past-the-post scheme (Roberts 1978). Again, the LTTE\u2019s elimination of Tamil rivals in the 1980s and its policies towards the Muslims in the north and east were only the tip of an iceberg embodying its fascist character.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> The New York Times <\/em>admitted this recently<\/a>: \u201cMr. Sirisena \u2026 he has righted the Rajapaksa government\u2019s tilt toward China, taking a balanced approach to Sri Lanka\u2019s foreign relations that includes warmer relations with India and the United States\u201d (NYT 2016).<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> See Roberts, \u201cRealities,\u201d 2015 and \u201cBBC Blind\u201d 2013 in particular from the many essays on this theme.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> See the pictorial history in Roberts, Tamil Person and State. Pictorial<\/em>, 2014.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> See Roberts, \u201cBlackmail,\u201d 2014 and \u201cRealities,\u201d 2015.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> See WSWS 2009 and Roberts, \u201cOne-Eyed Zealousness,\u201d 2015.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> These reports were by satellite phone or in TamilNe<\/em>t. Embassy and NGO personnel as well as individuals in Colombo were also receiving tales from both Tiger sources and civilians in the embattled arena.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Tammita-Delgoda 2014a and Roberts, \u201cTruth Journalism,\u201d 2014.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Muralidhar Reddy: see his viewpoints and information on this in Roberts, Tamil Person, Pictorial<\/em>, p. 13. Also see Roberts, \u201cRavi Nessman\u2019s Slanted Story,\u201d 31 Jan. 2014, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/31\/the-war-in-sri-lanka-ravi-nessmans-slanted-story-for-usa-on-the-tavis-smiley-show-18-february-200\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> See US Embassy Despatch 514 of 11 May 2009 which reports that GSL authorities were threatening to remove Weiss\u2019s accreditation. Both Nessman and Weiss are of Jewish lineage and may have seen the Tamils as victims in the same situation as the Jews in the recent European past.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> See Siri Hewavitharana 2011a and 2011b. Also see IDAG 2013, Kath Noble 2013 and Ambassador Amza\u2019s criticism of Channel 4 for \u201ctampering\u201d with the evidence provided by witnesses — http:\/\/www.adaderana.lk\/news.php?nid=22675<\/a><\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Quotation from the UNPoE report in The Island<\/em>, \u201cthe Question of Civilian Deaths,\u201d 27 April 2011, http:\/\/www.island.lk\/index.php?code_title=23248&page=article-details&page_cat=article-details<\/a><\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Several Tiger fighters were not wearing fatigues.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Roberts, \u201cTamil Death Toll,\u201d 2011 and Rajasingham 2011 \u201c<\/strong>Harsh Ground Realities in War: Decomposing Bodies and Missing Persons and\u00a0Soldiers<\/a>,\u201d 28 November 2011, <\/strong>http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/28\/11702\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> The ICEP report adds this: \u201cICEP has also benefited from the input of advisors, all similarly respected for their expertise in international criminal justice.\u201d<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Also see PIAC 2014 at http:\/\/www.piac.asn.au\/news\/2014\/02\/new-evidence-war-crimes-sri-lankan-civil-war.<\/p>\n

\n

BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abbasi, Kamran 2006 \u201cWanted: A Radical Rethink on Bowling Actions,\u201d in M. Roberts, Essaying Cricket. Sri Lanka and Beyond, Colombo: Vijtha Yapa Publications, pp. 179-81.
\nde Zylva, Quintus 2014 \u201cNo Ball\u201d!! \u2026.. ACB behind Emerson\u2019s No-Balling Decisions against\u00a0Murali,\u201d 24 September 2014, https:\/\/cricketique.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/24\/no-ball-acb-behind-emersons-no-balling-decisions-against-murali\/
\nEuben, Roxanne 1999 Enemy in the Mirror. Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism, Princeton University Press.
\nHarding, Susan 1991 \u201cRepresenting Fundamentalism: The Problem of the Repugnant Other,\u201d Social Research, vol. 58\/2: 373-393.
\nHarrison, Frances 2012 Still Counting the Dead, Ananzi International.
\nHewavitharana, Siri 2011b \u201cChannel-4 video a \u2018fake\u2019, concludes video forensic analyst,\u201d http:\/\/www.globalpeacesupport.com\/globalpeacesupport.com\/post\/2011\/06\/13\/Channel-4-video-a-fake-concludes-video-forensic-analyst.aspx.
\nHewavitharana, Siri 2011c \u201cUN misled on Channel 4 video,\u201d 6 August 2010, https:\/\/lrrp.wordpress.com\/2011\/08\/06\/un-misled-on-channel-4-video-by-siri-hewawitharana\/
\nICG 2010 \u201cWar Crimes in Sri Lanka,\u201d 17 May 2010, http:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/en\/regions\/asia\/south-asia\/sri-lanka\/191-war-crimes-in-sri-lanka.aspx
\nIDAG [i.e. Citizen Silva] 2013 \u201cThe Numbers Game: Politics of Retributive Justice,\u201d http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/132499266\/The-Numbers-Game-Politics-of-Retributive-Justice OR http:\/\/www.satp.org\/satporgtp\/countries\/shrilanka\/document\/TheNG.pdf.
\nKing, Simon 2016 \u201cEmerson reflects on Muralidaran and no-ball controversy,\u201d 23 January 2016, http:\/\/www.theaustralian.com.au\/sport\/cricket\/emerson-reflects-on-muralidaran-and-noball-controversy\/news-story\/832afb95dff41c93b850a15dc9d34293
\nKurukulasuriya, Uvindu 2013 \u201cThe Politics of the Decision to kill Lasantha Wickramatunga \u2026,\u201d 8 January 2013, https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/the-politics-of-the-decision-to-kill-lasantha-according-to-wife-its-not-related-to-journalism\/
\nMango 2011 \u201cJim Macdonald of AI boxed into corner by Mango in\u00a02009,\u201d 10 August 2011, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/08\/10\/3133\/
\nMarga\u00a02011\u00a0An Analysis and Evaluation of The Report of the Advisory Panel to the UNSG in the Final Stages of the War in Sri Lanka, https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/ s\/0eybj1ynej6spaa\/The%20Darusman%20Report-%20Final%20doc-2.doc
\nMarga\u00a02014\u00a0Issues of Truth and Accountability. The Last Stages of the War in Sri Lanka, https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/tdxwntf7wu5andq\/The%20Last%20Stages%20of%20the%20war%20in%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf?n=66191473.
\nMilne, Christine 2014 \u201cChristine Milne speaks on Human Rights Abuses in Sri Lanka,\u201d 11 Feb 2014, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2OXs4UA5WLo
\nNew York Times 2016 \u201cTime for Justice in Sri Lanka,\u201d 28 January 2016, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/01\/29\/opinion\/time-for-justice-in-sri-lanka.html
\nNoble, Kath\u00a02013 \u201cNumbers Game reviewed by Kath Noble: The Full Monty,\u201d 14 July 2013,\u00a0https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/14\/numbers-game-reviewed-by-kath-noble-the-full-monty\/<\/p>\n

Padraig Colman 2016 \u201cNo Groundwork, No Critical Thinking. A Dilettante Thinker\u2019s Foray into Sri\u00a0Lanka,\u201d 13 February 2016, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2016\/02\/13\/no-groundwork-no-critical-thinking-a-dilettante-thinkers-foray-into-sri-lanka\/#more-19635
\nPIAC 2014 \u201cNew Evidence of War Crimes in Sri Lankan Civil War,\u201d 4 February 2014, http:\/\/www.piac.asn.au\/news\/2014\/02\/new-evidence-war-crimes-sri-lankan-civil-war<\/p>\n

Rajasingham, Narendran 2011 \u201cHarsh Ground Realities in War: Decomposing Bodies and Missing Persons and\u00a0Soldiers,\u201d 28 November 2011, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/28\/11702\/<\/p>\n

Reddy, B. Muralidhar\u00a02009a \u201cCornered Tigers.\u00a0The Sri Lanka Army takes control of the administrative and political capital of the LTTE,\u201d\u00a0Frontline,\u00a026\/2, 17-30 Jan 2009.
\nReddy, Muralidhar\u00a02009b \u201cFinal Act,\u201d\u00a0Frontline, 26\/4, 14-27 February 2009<\/p>\n

Reddy, B. Muralidhar\u00a02009c \u201cEnd Game,\u201d\u00a0Frontline\u00a026\/10, 9-22May 2009
\nReddy, B. Muralidhar\u00a02009d \u201cAn Escape from Hellhole,\u201d http:\/\/www.hindu.com\/ 2009\/04\/25\/stories\/2009042558390100.html.
\nReddy, Muralidhar\u00a02009e \u201cFinal Assault. A first-hand account of the war and the civilians\u2019 plight as Eelam War almost comes to a close,\u201d\u00a0Frontline, 26\/11, May 23-June 5, 2009,\u00a0http:\/\/www.frontline.in\/navigation\/?type=static&page=archive.
\nReddy, Muralidhar\u00a02009f \u201cFinal Hours. An eye-witness account of the last 70 hours of Eelam War IV,\u201d\u00a0Frontline, 26\/12, 6-19 June 2009, http:\/\/www.frontline.in\/static\/html\/fl2612\/stories\/20090619261200900.htm
\nReddy, Muralidhar\u00a02009g \u201cMultiple Displacements, Total Loss of Identity.\u201dThe Hindu, 27 May 2009, http:\/\/www.hindu.com\/2009\/05\/27\/stories\/2009052755811500.htm
\nRoberts, M. 1998 \u201cControversies: The SL Cricket Team\u2019s 1995\/96 Tour of Australia,\u201d in Crosscurrents, edited by Michael Roberts and Alfred James. Sydney: Walla Walla Press, 1998, pp. 112\u201323.
\nRoberts, M. 1998 \u201cFundamentalism in Cricket: Crucifying Muralitharan,\u201d in Crosscurrents, edited by Michael Roberts and Alfred James. Sydney: Walla Walla Press, 1998, pp. 124\u20135.
\nRoberts, M. 2005a \u201cSaivite Symbolism, Sacrifice and Tamil Tiger Rites,\u201d Social Analysis, 49: 67-93.
\nRoberts, M. 2009 \u201cThe Rajapakse Regime and the Fourth Estate,\u201d 12 August 2009, http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2009\/12\/08\/the-rajapakse-regime-and-the-fourth-estate\/
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02011 \u201cSaving Murali: Action On-field and Off-field, 1995-2005,\u201d in M. Roberts, Incursions & Excursions in and around Sri Lankan Cricket, Colombo, Vijitha Yapa Publications, pp. 111-38.
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02011 \u201cThe Tamil Death Toll in early 2009: Challenging Rohan Gunaratna,\u201d 1 December 2011, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/12\/01\/the -tamil-death-toll-in-early-2009-challenging-rohan-gunaratna\/ and http:\/\/transcurrents.com\/news-views\/archives\/6285
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02012 \u201cBlackmail during the Endgame in Eelam War\u00a0IV,\u201d 12 April 2012,\u00a0https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2012\/04\/12\/blackmail-during-the-endgame-in-eelam-war-iv\/
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02012 \u201cInspirations: Hero Figures and Hitler in Young Pirapaharnan\u2019s Thinking,\u201d Colombo Telegraph, 12 February 2012, rep. in TPS. Essays, 2014: 69-89.
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02013 \u201cBBC-Blind: Misreading the Tamil Tiger Strategy of International Blackmail, 2008-13,\u201d https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/08\/bbc-blind-misreading-the-tamil-tiger-strategy-of-international-blackmail-2008-13\/#more-11221
\nRoberts, M. 2011 \u201cSaving Murali: Action On-field and Off-field, 1995-2005,\u201d in Roberts, Incursions & Excursions in and around Sri Lankan Cricket, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2011, pp.111-38.
\nRoberts, M. 2011 \u201cPeople of Righteousness march on Sri Lanka,\u201d The Island, 22 June 2011 and https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/27\/people-of-righteousness-target-sri-lanka\/
\nRoberts, M. 2011b \u201cAmnesty International reveals its Flawed Tunnel-Vision in Sri Lanka in 2009,\u201d 10 Aug. 2011, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/08\/10\/amnesty-international-reveals-its-flawed-tunnel-vision-on-sri-lanka-in-2009\/
\nRoberts,\u00a0M. 2011 \u201cThe Tamil Death Toll in early 2009: Challenging Rohan Gunaratna,\u201d 1 December 2011, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/12\/01\/the -tamil-death-toll-in-early-2009-challenging-rohan-gunaratna\/
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02013 \u201cCongestion in the \u201cVanni Pocket\u201d January-May 2009: Appendix IV for \u201cBBC Blind,\u201d https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/09\/congestion-in-the-vanni-pocket-january-may-2009- appendix-iv-for-bbc-blind\/
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02013 \u201cEstimates of the Tamil Civilian Death Toll during the Last Phase of Eelam War IV in 2009: Appendix I for \u201cBBC\u00a0Blind\u201d, 8 December 2013, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=11226&action=edit&message=6&postpost=v2
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02014 \u201cThe War in Sri Lanka: Ravi Nessman\u2019s Slanted Story for USA on the Tavis Smiley Show, 18 February\u00a02009,\u201d 31 January 2014, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/31\/the-war-in-sri-lanka-ravi-nessmans-slanted-story-for-usa-on-the-tavis-smiley-show-18-february-200\/
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02014 \u201cGenerating Calamity, 2008-2014: An Overview of Tamil Nationalist Operations and Their Marvels,\u201d 10 April 2014, http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2014\/04\/10\/generating-calamity-2008-2014-an-overview-of-tamil-nationalist-operations-and-their-marvels\/
\nRoberts, Michael 2014 \u201c\u2018Beheading\u2019 Murali,\u201d 3 October 2014, https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/beheading-murali\/
\nRoberts, M. 2014 \u201cThe Induction Oath of Tamil Tiger Fighters at their Passing Out Ceremony,\u201d 23 June 1014, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/06\/23\/the-induction-oath-of-tamil-tiger-fighters-at-their-passing-out-ceremony\/
\nRoberts, M. 2014 \u201cTruth Journalism? Marie Colvin hoist on her own\u00a0Petard,\u201d 5 November 2014, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/11\/05\/triuth-journalism-marie-colvin-hoist-on-her-own-petard\/
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02014\u00a0Tamil Person and State. Essays, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publishers.
\nRoberts, M.\u00a02014\u00a0Tamil Person and State. Pictorial, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publishers.
\nRoberts, M. 2015 \u201cTargeting Sri Lanka by playing ball with Tamil Extremism,\u201d 24 July 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=17127&action=edit&postpost=v2
\nRoberts, M. 2015 \u201cThe Realities of Eelam War IV,\u201d 27 October 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/10\/27\/the-realities-of-eelam-war-iv\/
\nRoberts, M. 2015 \u201cAmbassador Blake in Never-Never-Land: Misreading LTTE Capacity in Early 2009,\u201d 26 August 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/08\/26\/ambassador-blake-in-never-never-land-misreading-ltte-capacity-in-early-2009\/
\nRoberts, M. 2015 \u201cAmerican Action and Inaction in Sri Lanka,2008\/09: A Critical Evaluation,\u201d 15 September 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/09\/08\/robert-blake-on-u-s-perspectives-on-sri-lanka-at-chennai-24-october-2008\/#more-17684
\nRoberts, M. 2015 \u201cA Drama in Four Acts: A Drama in Four Acts: Dishonest Reportage by Amnesty International and Aussie Journalists remains\u00a0Unmasked,\u201d 2 September 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=17560&action=edit&postpost=v2
\nRoberts, M. 2015 \u201cOne-Eyed Zealousness: Extremist Australians For and Against the Tamil Cause in\u00a0Lanka,\u201d 1 October 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/10\/01\/one-eyed-zealousness-extremist-australians-for-and-against-the-tamil-cause-in-lanka\/
\nRoberts, M. 2016 \u201cCrunched In-Between the Sinha-Le Activists and the Self-Righteous International\u00a0Cabal,\u201d 9 February 2016, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2016\/02\/09\/crunched-in-between-the-sinha-le-activists-and-the-self-righteous-international-cabal\/
\nRoebuck, Peter 2006 \u201cSecret filming reveals Extent of Bowlers who Chuck,\u201d in M. Roberts, Essaying Cricket. Sri Lanka and Beyond, Colombo: Vijtha Yapa Publications, pp. 321-23.
\nSMH 2009 \u201cTamils protest outside Kiribilli House,\u201d 27 April 2009, http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/\/breaking-news-national\/tamils-protest-outside-kirribilli-house-20090427-aknf.html
\nTamil Guardian 2009 \u201cDiaspora Tamils protest, fast in increasing numbers; call for ceasefire,\u201d 15 April 2009, http:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/article.asp?articleid=2281.
\nTammita-Delgoda, S.\u00a02009 \u201cSri Lanka: The Last Phase in Eelam War IV. From Chundikulam to Pudukulam,\u201d New Delhi: Centre for Land Warfare, Manekshaw Paper No. 13, http:\/\/www.claws.in\/administrator\/uploaded_files\/1274263403MP%2022.pdf
\nTammita-Delgoda, S.\u00a02014a \u201cReading Between the Lines in April 2009: Tammita-Delgoda takes apart Marie Colvin\u2019s jaundiced propaganda article in British\u00a0newspaper,\u201d 26 September 2014, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/
\nTammita-Delgoda, S.\u00a02014b \u201cCrossing the Lines: Tamils Escapees from the Last Redoubt meet the\u00a0Army,\u201d 21 September 2014, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wpadmin\/post. php?post=13751&action\u00a0 =edit&message=6&postpost=v2
\nThuppahi 2012 \u201cGovernment Census on War Deaths in 2009: Two\u00a0Reports,\u201d 26 February 2012 https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2012\/02\/26\/government-census-on-war-deaths-in-2009-two-reports\/
\nUN PoE\u00a02011\u00a0Report of the Secretary General\u2019s Panel of Experts report on Accountability in Sri Lanka,\u00a0March 2011\u2026.http:\/\/www.un.org\/News\/dh\/infocus\/Sri_Lanka\/ POE_Report_Full.pdf.
\nUTHR\u00a02009\u00a0A Marred Victory and a Defeat Pregnant with Meaning,\u00a0Special Report No. 32.\u00a0http:\/\/www.uthr.org\/SpecialReports\/spreport32.htm
\nUTHR\u00a02009\u00a0Let Them Speak: Truth about Sri Lanka\u2019s Victims of War. Special Report No. 34,\u00a0http:\/\/www.uthr.org\/SpecialReports\/Special%20rep34\/Uthr-sp.rp34.htm.
\nWeiss, Gordon\u00a02011a\u00a0The Cage, Sydney: Picador.
\nWeiss, Gordon 2011b \u201cSri Lanka faces its \u2018Srebrenica moment\u2019,\u201d The Australian, 23 April 2011, http:\/\/www.theaustralian.com.au\/news\/world\/sri-lanka-faces-its-srebrenica-moment\/story-e6frg6ux-1226043466322.
\nWSWS 2009 \u201cTamils demonstrate in Canberra against Sri Lankan military assault,\u201d 18 April 2009, https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2009\/04\/demo-a18.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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