{"id":161435,"date":"2016-04-28T14:10:20","date_gmt":"2016-04-28T08:40:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?p=161435"},"modified":"2016-05-05T00:37:40","modified_gmt":"2016-05-04T19:07:40","slug":"hardline-ethnic-mind-sets-jane-russells-findings-reflections","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/hardline-ethnic-mind-sets-jane-russells-findings-reflections\/","title":{"rendered":"Hardline Ethnic Mind-Sets: Jane Russell\u2019s Findings & Reflections"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Michael Roberts<\/span><\/a> –<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Dr.<\/a>

Dr. Michael Roberts<\/p><\/div>\n

Rajan Hoole is now presenting his studies of Sri Lanka Tamil political ferment in the 20th<\/sup> century<\/span><\/a> via the Colombo Telegraph<\/em> and local newspapers. This earnest endeavour is to be applauded. However, such surveys are not without their problems. Serious commentary on his arguments \u2013 as distinct from off-the-cuff blog comments \u2013 will have to dwell on the \u201cdepth and reach\u201d of his documentation.<\/p>\n

The historical material, whether secondary literature or primary sources, on the politics of the period extending from the 1920s to the 1980s is considerable. For one hand to delve into the readily available data at depth in brief articles[1]<\/a> is well-nigh impossible. Even with this caveat it is surprising that Hoole has made no reference to Arasaratnam\u2019s and KM de Silva\u2019s essays on the constitutional agitation of the early 20th<\/sup> century, Ranjith Amarasinghe\u2019s study of the Trotskite movement (2000) or the documentary material on GG Ponnambalam\u2019s approaches to the Colonial Office in Documents of the Ceylon National Congress and Nationalist Politics in Ceylon: 1929-1950<\/em> (1977).<\/p>\n

\"Jane<\/a>

Jane Russell in 1976<\/p><\/div>\n

Moreover, there is the issue of written records that remain unexplored. As far as I know the documentary material in the Tamil language<\/strong> from the late 19th<\/sup> century into the 1950s has not been researched in depth by scholars.[2]<\/a> This means that our awareness of the principal intellectual currents in the Tamil world, including those strands that writers of liberal\/radical disposition would call \u201cTamil communalism,\u201d is minimal.<\/p>\n

This gap in our historical stock is highlighted by the fact that the historical findings on \u201cSinhala communalism\u201d are considerable[3]<\/a> \u2013 though I stress, here, that the investigations of the political outpourings in Sinhala during the interwar years (1918-45) are limited and thus unsatisfactory.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Rajan Hoole\u2019s recent writings are leavened by his attention to the agitation of the Jaffna Youth Congress of the 1920s\/30s and the researches of Jane Russell embodied in her book Communal Politics under the Donoughmore Constitution 1931-1947<\/em> (1982). Jane Russell and Janice Jiggins from England were both pursuing their doctoral dissertations in Sri Lanka in the 1970s and Russell\u2019s supervisor was KM de Silva. They were part of my friendship circle and active members of the Ceylon Studies Seminar, a cross-disciplinary research and seminar cluster centred around the Arts Faculty of Peradeniya University.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Russell spent a considerable amount of time in the Jaffna Peninsula in the early 1970s as part of the investigations that led to her dissertation (eventually transformed into a book in 1984) and one facet of her oral encounters there provided a vital ingredient in consolidating my pessimistic reading of the emerging political situation vis \u00e1 vis Sinhala-Tamil relations (mind you, this was at a time when the first JVP insurgency had failed and the \u2018Naxalite\u2019 Left challenge was also in the forefront). At ome point in 1973 she told me that there were some youth in the Peninsula who told her they had plans to bomb Colombo if there was no movement on (federalism)\/ separation; nd when she r indicated that such acts would result in reprisals causing Tamil civilian deaths, their response was that they didn’t care if all the\u00a0Colombo\u00a0Tamils died as they were \u201ctraitors to the Tamil cause<\/strong>.\u201d I took this vital piece of data seriously \u2013 very, very seriously. These guys had moved to the extremist pole: there were no limits. I did not broach ethnographic etiquette and ask Jane for further details on whom the youth were.[6]<\/a> So, I fed this \u2018piece of dynamite\u2019 into my stock of knowledge. It consolidated my deep concerns, then around 1973, about the widening Sinhala-Tamil split.<\/p>\n

My reasoning then was founded on several factors. One<\/strong>: ever since I had commenced teaching in Sinhala at the Department of History at Peradeniya University in March 1966 after returning from England, I was exposed to the chit-chat and political discussions within the Arts Faculty, notably in its \u201cCommon Room,\u201d Two<\/strong>: engaged as I was in collecting oral history reminiscences and data by interviewing Sri Lankan CCS men as well as politicians, I had to address contemporary political issues while pursuing inquiries into the relationship between the politicians and the administrative service in the State Council era.[7]<\/a> These topics embraced the issue of the transfer of power in British times and the competing claims of \u201cCeylonese nationalism\u201d, \u201cSinhala communalism\u201d, \u201cTamil communalism\u201d and \u201cLeft Socialism\u201d from the 1930s onwards. Three<\/strong>: these paths of interest were deepened further by my commitment to editing the documents of the Ceylon National Congress on an unpaid commission from the Department of National Archives.[8]<\/a> Four<\/strong>: because of these interests I had launched a new history course entitled \u201cNationalism and Its Problems\u201d in the year 1972, a topic that was cast in comparative mode and embraced nationalism in Europe as well as its expressions worldwide (including Central Asia[9]<\/a> and South East Asia). Five<\/strong>: set in such a context and located as I was at Peradeniya University, I was fully alive to the ferment among the Tamil intelligentsia in opposition to the gerrymandering of university admissions via a district quota and standardization scheme established by the United Front government of Mrs. Bandaranaike[10]<\/a> — a scheme that aggravated pre-existing Tamil dissatisfaction going back to the 1950s and even further back. Six<\/strong>: the occasional meeting with Bishop Lakshman Wickremesinghe<\/span><\/a>, a mentor and friend from my undergraduate days, added grist to my concerns because he was at the centre of mediatory efforts among the intelligentsia of the day and was fully aware of the developing ultra-nationalist undercurrents. \u201cBishop Laks\u201d as we all called him, even featured as one of the speakers at a seminar on the constitution of 1972 arranged by the CSS at Peradeniya in late 1972 or early 1973, with political scientist Professor AJ Wilson from the Economics Department as another of the keynote speakers. Whether then or on another occasion Bishop Lak told me that the Federal Party leaders were quite bitter about the manner In which their representations to the Committee formulating what became the Republican Constitution of 1972 had been listened to dismissive fashion.<\/p>\n

It was this grounding that inspired me to suggest to the CSS core that we should arrange a conference on \u201cThe Sinhala Tamil Problem\u201d in Colombo so that we could reach as wide an audience as possible. This idea was attacked by WI Siriweera and a few of the United Front apparatchiks in the Arts Faculty.[11]<\/a> Eventually, however, the key organisers bided their time and with aid from Mark Cooray at Law College, the Marga Institute and Revd Kenneth Fernando at the Anglican Cathedral a whole day conference was organized at the Cathedral\u2019s hall in Bauddhaloka Mawatha in early October 1973 \u2013 an operation that was a major logistical exercise for us in Peradeniya.<\/p>\n

The morning session was devoted to setting the context with the three speakers being Dr. Chandra R de Silva (History Peredeniya), Senator Murugeysen Tiruchelvam (barrister and Federal Party) and Nissanka Wijeyeratne (ex-CCS and SLFP). The afternoon session was devoted to the topic of \u201cBridge Building\u201d and featured Bishop Lakshman Wickremesinghe, Neville Jayaweera (ex-CCS and Marga), V. Karalasingham of the LSSP and myself.<\/p>\n

Mark Cooray served as chairperson and was armed with a bell to maintain the rule that those who spoke from the floor were restricted to a specified set of minutes. These presentations from individual members of the house, I stress, were of some significance. It was the first occasion on which I had heard Appapillai Amirthalingam and Murugesu Sivasithamparam speak. Janice Jiggins was among those who came up to the microphone and presented their thoughts. I cannot recall whether Jane Russell did so.<\/p>\n

This gathering was designed to spawn ideas promoting paths of appeasement. In hindsight one can now say: that goal was utopian. Nor did conference experience lessen my pessimism about the implications of the sharpening Sinhala-Tamil divide. Gerald Peiris added another little tit-bit of ethnography to this line of reasoning. As I travelled with him by car in Kandy a few days later, he drew attention to the manner in which one of Wijeyeratne\u2019s remarks had aroused Tiruchelvam to histrionic anger: \u201cif a gentleman like Tiruchelvam can get so worked up, what hope have we with the [Tamil] youth!\u201d said he. Peiris knew Tiruchlelvam intimately because both he and CR de Silva had been represented gratis by that gentleman in a legal wrangle with the Ministry of Education. So his reading was significant.<\/p>\n

However, in my glum reading of the situation it was the thinking of the Tamil youth that Jane Russell had highlighted earlier that carried greater weight. Thus, in 1973 as well as the months that followed from November 1973 to June 1975, my pessimistic assessment remained. I was, I emphasise, not aware then<\/strong> of the incident involving Ponnudurai Sivakumaran.[12]<\/a> Nor was I aware of the several underground militant associations that had been set up in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the Tamil New Tigers.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

My reasoning arose from my knowledge of deep-set Sinhala thinking going back into the 19th<\/sup> century \u2013 a strand that remained central in the1970s. My first exposure to this seed-bed had been in the writings of Anagarika Dharmapala. In an important essay addressed in the English language: \u201cA Message to the Young Men of Ceylon\u201d in 1912 Dharmapala moved unthinkingly within his arguments to speaking to \u201cWe Sinhalese.\u201d[14]<\/a> Thus, the majoritarian part merged with the whole. In my reading this slippage was deadly in its implications. When the WHOLE and the PART are seen as one in such a seamless taken-for-granted fashion, a problem cannot be redressed because it is not viewed as a problem. This ideological fusion, in my analysis, had blocked accommodation for decades. It was a central contention in the paper I presented in Colombo in October 1973.<\/p>\n

This impediment, in my further reading then in the 1970s, remained a major ideological obstacle to accommodation. This was one of the major historical contentions inserted within an article I penned in Heidelberg, Germany in 1976,[15]<\/a> one entitled \u201cEthnic Conflict in Sri Lanka and Sinhalese Perspectives: Barriers to Accommodation.\u201d It was presented initially at a seminar at SOAS in 1976 and appeared eventually in Modern Asian Studies<\/em> in 1978.[16]<\/a> I also indicated therein that the Sri Lanka situation could easily go down the paths that had been being forged in Cyprus, Lebanon and Northern Ireland.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

This set of motifs was central to one of the \u201ctheme songs\u201d in my web site Thuppahi when I set it up in 2009. Alongside the \u2018pillar\u2019 clarified in the note \u201cWhy Thuppahi,\u201d I imposed another pillar: entitled \u201cSinhala Mind Set.\u201d That mind-set remains an ideological cancer today as I have insisted in several essays in recent years[18]<\/a> — alas arguments that do not seem to have much mileage in vital circles).<\/p>\n

However, it takes two to tango. Enter Jane Russell once again. Hoole\u2019s recent excursions prompted me to review my own writings and my fading memory was re-drawn to some of the comments (blogs) that had been inserted in response to \u201cSinhala Mind Set\u201d \u2013 notably several by Jane Russell. Her remarks are informative \u2013 taking me to an arena where my information was\/is limited. Liberals and radicals who happen to be Tamil should take note. Rajan Hoole has to take note as well. So, I bring up Jane\u2019s commentary to the web-world once again \u2013 full-frontal, stark.<\/p>\n

I invite Tamils and other thoughtful commentators to respond and add grist to our thinking mill. I will be complementing this collection with a bibliography that may conceivably assist serious researchers.<\/p>\n

Jane Russell\u2019s Comments on the Discussion in and around SINHALA MIND SET, 10 March 2012<\/strong><\/p>\n

Michael,<\/p>\n

Thanks for your thoughtful and reasoned comments on the Sinhala mind-set with which I totally agree. However, it takes two to tango\u2026 the Jaffna (and to a lesser extent East coast) Tamils also have a similar mind-set. At their back they feel the power of 60 million or so south Indian Tamils who give them assurance that they too can turn a part of Sri Lanka (the north-east) into a whole \u2014 a Tamil whole. Thus we had the claims of 50-50 before independence (which many Sinhalese and Tamils understood to be 50% of Sri Lanka for Tamils and 50% for Sinhalese \u2014 it was not this at all but the slogan carried the idea that it might be). And later so many of the Eelamists produced maps showing almost half the land mass and even more of the coastline to be \u201cTamil homelands\u201d. Even now so many Tamil fundamental nationalists claim that Negombo is a Tamil town. This is all just a fruitless foray into a political cul-de-sac down unresearchable paths of forgotten and probably bloody history: I personally and idiosyncratically believe that domesticated winged dinosaurs were used by Sri Lankan kings as virtual spy planes (launched from the huge cave at Ella) to fight off an army of gigantic dinosaur gorillas from south Indian invaders \u2014 which led to the whole Ravanna myth. But I\u2019d never expect to turn such eccentric crankiness into a theory on which to build a modern nation-state\u2026 but both the Sinhala Buddhist fundamentalists and Tamil fundamental nationalists seem to dwell in the fields of fantasy best left to JR Tolkein and JK Rowling!!<\/p>\n

\u2026. (Once, while waiting for a CTB bus at Kurumbacciddy Junction in 1974, I saw a blackboard advertising a lecture by the then proto-LTTE which showed speedboats pulling the Jaffna peninsula across the Palk Straits and joining it to Tamil Nadu\u2026..) Meanwhile, the real nation-building (including proper historical research) is kicked off the field by the loonies who can shout louder and sloganise more easily \u2026.<\/p>\n

with best wishes and much sadness at so much blood having flowed under the bridge and still so few recognising what a waste of lives it has all been\u2026.<\/p>\n

Jane<\/p>\n

A Response to Jane from Chandre Dharmawardana, 4 April 2012<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cOnce, while waiting for a CTB bus at Kurumbacciddy Junction in 1974, I saw a blackboard advertising a lecture by the then proto-LTTE which showed speedboats pulling the Jaffna peninsula across the Palk Straits and joining it to Tamil Nadu\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

There have been articles on the Federal option for Sri Lanka, published not too long ago. On reading some of them carefully, one realizes that the Federalism envisaged is federating with Tamil Nadu. This is a perfectly logical proposition, already followed by some sections of the Christian church.<\/p>\n

Jane\u2019s reply to Chandre, 5 April 2012,<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hi Chandre, Thanks for your comment and the chance to further explain.<\/p>\n

What I was trying to say in my overall comment, of which you have extracted a small portion, is that there are absurdly unrealisable and positively dangerous options posited by extremists within the Sinhala Buddhist warrior camp as well as by the Tamil warriors of the LTTE et al which each camp then takes seriously and thereby can justify their equally crazy antithetical position. It is \u201c50-50\u201d in terms of who can out-trump the other in going more and more into the realms of political fantasy<\/strong>. However, the victims of this assault on the rational instinct are the political moderates who understand that mediation and compromise is the only the way forward and also the civilians who are sacrificed to this warrior mentality.<\/p>\n

The example you use is typical of the kind of impossible scenario sketched out by the LTTE to their less worldly followers as something that could be achieved. Equally, the Sinhalese who talked (and still do) of \u201csending back to south India\u201d Tamils who refuse to \u201cSinhalise\u201d \u2014 an attitude which played nicely into the hands of the warrior Tamil nationalists who were able to introduce the label of \u201cethnic cleansing\u201d into the global debate and thereby gain useful support among the human rights lobby and media in the west \u2013 are either shooting themselves in the foot or deliberately provoking the Tamils to adopt an even more extreme position. Whether cock-up or conspiracy, it is bad for peace and reconciliation and that is what is required now.<\/p>\n

Two generations of Sri Lankans have endured thirty plus years of civil war plus a nasty backhander from nature with the tsunami: at least the man-inspired misery can be ameliorated \u2026 but not if the Sinhala and Tamil warriors continue to dominate intellectual debate.<\/p>\n

A Comment from Roberts aka \u00a0Thuppahi, 5 April 2012<\/strong><\/p>\n

To add to Jane\u2019s latest note, a friend in London with links across all ethnicities had this to say: \u201cI am aware however that even onetime moderate or liberal Tamils, as distinct from the pure LTTE rump, have of recent become quite paranoid and look on anyone trying to maintain some sanity as being opposed to them, or as being apologists for the government. \u201cAnyone who is not with us is against us\u201d is what they are saying. However, given the hardening pro \u2013 Sinhala line within the South, and the apologetic stance taken by many onetime liberal Sinhala intellectuals in the South, such an extreme countervailing reaction from the Tamils is understandable.\u2026.. What is happening now is that the confrontation is widening and the middle ground is fast disappearing<\/strong>.\u201d
\nA few months back my sentiments were similar in that I felt that within the middle class strata and politicoes on both sides in Sri Lanka the situation is reminiscent of the 1960s and 1970s [when I lost hope].<\/p>\n

BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/strong><\/p>\n

This list is directed towards encouraging serious students to delve more deeply into the historical processes that have wrought such havoc within Sri Lanka\u2019s history. While I have read or delved into most of the items cited, I can hardly claim\u2014at this point of time–that I recall the arguments and data therein. The idea is to stimulate Hoole and others of the same assiduous temperament to pursue further researches. Rigourously.<\/p>\n

Abeysekera, C.<\/strong> et al <\/strong>1998<\/strong> Unitarism, devolution and majoritarian elitism. A response to the interim report of the Sinhala Commission<\/em>, Colombo: Social Scientists\u2019 Association.<\/p>\n

Amarasekera, Gunadasa <\/strong>2000b <\/strong>\u2018The rape of nationhood\u2019, Island<\/em>, 19 July 2000.<\/p>\n

Amarasinghe, Y. Ranjith 2000<\/strong> Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics<\/em>: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka,<\/em> Colombo: Social scientists\u2019 Association.<\/p>\n

Amunugama, Sarath<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>1979 \u2018Ideology and class interest in one of Piyadasa Siris\u00adena\u2019s novels: the new image of the \u201cSinhala Buddhist\u201d nationalist\u2019 in M Roberts (ed.)\u00a0<\/em>Collective identities, nationalisms and protest in modern Sri Lanka<\/em>, Colombo: Marga Institute, pp 314-36<\/p>\n

Arasaratnam, S. 1967 <\/strong>\u201cNationalism, Communalism and National Unity in Ceylon,\u201d in Philip Mason (ed.) India and cEylon. Unity and Diversity, Oxford, pp. 26078.<\/p>\n

Arasaratnam, S. 1979 <\/strong>\u201cNationalism in Sri Lanka and the Tamils,\u201d in M. Roberts (ed.) Collective Identities, Nationalisms and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka, Colombo: Marga Institute, pp. 500-21.<\/p>\n

Bandaranaike, SWRD (ed.) 1928 <\/strong>Hand-book of the Ceylon National Congress<\/em>, Colombo: HW Cave & Co.<\/p>\n

Bechert, Heinz <\/strong>1978 <\/strong>\u2018The Beginnings of Buddhist Historiography: Mah\u00e2vamsa <\/em>and Political Thinking,\u201d in Bardwell L. Smith (ed) Religion and legitimation of power in Sri Lanka<\/em>, Chambersburg: Anima Books, pp. 1-12.<\/p>\n

Coomaraswamy, Radhika<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>1987<\/strong> \u2018Myths without conscience: Tamil and Sinhalese writings of the 1980s\u2019 in C Abeysekera and N Gunasinghe (eds),\u00a0Facets of Ethnicity in Sri Lanka,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Colombo: Social Scientists Association, pp 72-99.<\/p>\n

De Silva, Chandra R.<\/strong>\u00a01974 <\/strong>\u201cWeightage in University Admissions: Standardisation and District Quotas in Sri Lanka,\u201d Modern Ceylon Studies<\/em> 5: 152-78..<\/p>\n

De Silva, Chandra R.<\/strong>\u00a01979 <\/strong>\u201cThe Impact of Nationalism on Education: The Schools takeover (1961) and the University Admissions Crisis, 19701975,\u201d in M. Roberts, (ed.) Collective Identities, Nationalisms and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka<\/em>, Colombo: Marga Institute, pp. 474-99.<\/p>\n

De Silva, Chandra R.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>1987<\/strong>\u00a0Sri Lanka: A History,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>New Delhi: Vikas.<\/p>\n

De Silva, K. M. (ed.) 1973 <\/strong>History of Ceylon, Vol. III.<\/em> Colombo: University of Ceylon press Board<\/p>\n

De Silva. K. M.<\/strong>\u00a01978 <\/strong>\u201cResistance Movements in Nineteenth Century Sri Lanka,\u201d in M Roberts (ed.)\u00a0Collective identities, nationalisms and protest in modern Sri Lanka<\/em>, Colombo: Marga Institute, pp 129-52.<\/p>\n

De Silva. K. M.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>1981<\/strong>\u00a0A History of Sri Lanka,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Delhi: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

De Silva, K. M. 1986 <\/strong>Managing Ethnic Tensions in Multi-Ethnic Societies. Sri Lanka, 1880-1985<\/em>, Lanham, NY: University Press of America.<\/p>\n

De Votta, Neil<\/strong> 2004 Blowback. Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka<\/em>, Stanford: Stanford University Press.<\/p>\n

Dharmadasa, K. N. O. <\/strong>1972 \u201cLanguage and Sinhalese Nationalism: The Career of Munidasa Cumaratunga,\u201d Modern Ceylon Studies<\/em> 3: 125-43.<\/p>\n

Dharmadasa, K. N. O.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>1978 \u2018The ideological pinnacle of Sinhalese language nationalism, Part I: Cumaranatunga and the Hela identity\u2019,\u00a0Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies<\/em>\u00a08: 1-16.<\/p>\n

Dharmadasa, K. N. O. <\/strong>1992 Language, religion and ethnic assertiveness. The growth of Sinhalese nationalism in Sri Lanka<\/em>, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.<\/p>\n

Guruge, Ananda (ed)\u00a01965<\/strong> Return to Righteousness<\/em>, Colombo: Ministry of Cultural Affairs, 1965: 501-44.<\/p>\n

Gunasingam, M. 1999 <\/strong>Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism<\/em>, Sydney: MV Publications.<\/p>\n

Hellman-Rajanayagam, Dagmar<\/strong> 1989<\/strong> \u201cArumuka Navalar: Religious reformer or national leader of EelamIndian Economic & Social History Review\u00a0June 1989\u00a026:\u00a0235-257,<\/p>\n

Hellman-Rajanayagam, Dagmar<\/strong> 1994<\/strong> \u201cThe \u2018groups\u2019 and the rise of militant secessionism,\u201d in C. Manogaran & B. Pfaffenberger (eds) The Sri Lankan Tamils. Ethnicity and Identity<\/em>, Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 169-207.<\/p>\n

Hellman-Rajanayagam, Dagmar<\/strong> 1994 <\/strong>\u201cTamils and the Meaning of History,\u201d Contemporary South Asia 3: 3-23.<\/p>\n

Jaffna Youth Congress<\/strong> 1939 Communalism or Nationalism\u2026. A Reply to the Speech delivered in the State Council on the reform Debate by G. G. Ponnambalam, Esq<\/em>, Chunnakam: Thirumakal Press.<\/p>\n

Jayasekera, P.V.J. 1970<\/strong> Social and Political Change in Ceylon, 1900\u20131919, University of London: unpub. Ph.D dissertation in History<\/p>\n

Jayawardena, V. Kumari<\/strong> 1970 \u201c<\/strong>\u2018Economic and Political Factors in the 1915 Riots,\u201d Journal of Asian Studies <\/em>Vol.39 (1970), pp.223\u201333.<\/p>\n

Jayawardena, V. Kumari<\/strong> 1972 <\/strong>The Rise of the Labor Movement in Ceylon, <\/em>Durham\u201d Duke University Press.<\/p>\n

Jeganathan, P. & Qadri Ismail (eds.) 1995<\/strong> Unmaking the Nation<\/em>, Colombo: SSA.<\/p>\n

Jeyaraj, D. B. S. 1993<\/strong> \u201cThe Composition, Ideology and International Dimension of the Tamil secessionist movement of Sri Lanka: An Overview,\u201d in R Premdas (ed.) The Enigma of Ethnicity<\/em>, St. Augustine, Trinidad: School of Continuing Studies, University of West Indies, pp 282-308.<\/p>\n

Jeyaraj, D. B. S<\/strong>.2009<\/strong> \u201cPrabhakaran: Powerful Symbol of Tamil Armed Struggle<\/a>,\u201d 29 May 2009, in www.transcurrents.com.<\/p>\n

Jupp, James 1977 <\/strong>Sri Lanka Third World Democracy<\/em>, London: Frank Cass.<\/p>\n

Kailasapathy K. 1968\u00a0<\/strong>Tamil Heroic Poetry<\/em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Kannangara, A.P. 1984<\/strong> \u201cThe Riots of 1915 in Sri Lanka: a Study of the Roots of Communal Violence,\u201d Past and Present<\/em>, No.102, pp.130\u201365.<\/p>\n

Kapferer, Bruce<\/strong>\u00a01988<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>Legends of people, myths of state,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.<\/p>\n

Kearney, Robert N. 1967 <\/strong>Communalism and Language in the Politics of Ceylon<\/em>, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.<\/p>\n

Kearney, Robert N.<\/strong> 1973<\/strong> The Politics of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)<\/em>, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.<\/p>\n

Manogaran. C. & B. Pfaffenberger<\/strong> (eds) 1994<\/strong> The Sri Lankan Tamils. Ethnicity & Identity<\/em>, Boulder: Westview Press.<\/p>\n

Manor, James 1989 The Expedient Utopian. Bandaranaike and Ceylon,<\/em> CUP.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mendis, G. C.<\/strong>\u00a01943<\/strong> \u201cThe Causes of Communal conflict in Ceylon,\u201d\u00a0University of Ceylon Review<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>1: 41-49.<\/p>\n

Narayan Swamy, M.<\/strong> R.<\/strong> 1994 Tigers of Lanka. From boys to Guerillas<\/em>, Delhi: Konark Publishers.<\/p>\n

Narayan Swamy, M. R.<\/strong> 2003<\/strong> Inside an Elusive Mind.<\/em> Prabhakaran<\/em>, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications.<\/p>\n

Nissan, Elizabeth and Stirrat, R. L.<\/strong>\u00a01990<\/strong> \u2018Generation of Communal Identities\u2019, in J Spencer (ed.),\u00a0Sri Lanka. History and the Roots of Conflict\u00b8 <\/em>London: Routledge, pp. 19-44.<\/p>\n

Obeyesekere, Gananath<\/strong>\u00a01979<\/strong> \u201cThe Vicissitudes of the Sinhala-Buddhist Identity through Time and Change,\u201d in M Roberts (ed.)\u00a0Collective identities, nationalisms and protest in modern Sri Lanka<\/em>, Colombo: Marga Institute, pp. 279-313.<\/p>\n

Perinbanayagam<\/strong><\/a>,<\/strong> R. Sidharthan<\/strong> 2011 <\/strong>\u201cCaste and Politics,\u201d http:\/\/groundviews.org \/2011\/08\/22\/caste-and-politics\/<\/p>\n

Pfaffenberger, B.<\/strong> 1982<\/strong> Caste in Tamil Culture. The Religious Foundations of Sudra Domination in Sri Lanka<\/em>, Maxwell School of Foundations and Comp Studies.<\/p>\n

Phadnis, Urmila 1976 <\/strong>Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka<\/em>,<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael (ed.) 1977<\/strong> Documents of the Ceylon National Congress and Nationalist Politics in Ceylon: 1929-<\/em>1950, 4 Vols, Colombo: Department of National Archives.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1978<\/strong> \u201cEthnic Conflict in Sri Lanka and Sinhalese Perspectives: Barriers to Accommodation,\u201d Modern Asian Studies, <\/em>12, 353-376.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael (ed.) 1979<\/strong> Collective Identities, Nationalisms and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka<\/em>, Colombo: Marga Institute<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1985<\/strong> \u201cEthnicity in Riposte at a Cricket Match: The Past for the Present,\u201d Comparative Studies in Society and History, <\/em>27:401-429<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 19<\/strong>88 \u201c<\/strong>Sri Lanka: Ethnic Conflict and Political Crisis: A Review Article,\u201d Ethnic Studies, 6<\/em>, 40-62.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong>\u00a01989a <\/strong>\u2018The political antecedents of the revivalist elite within the MEP coalition of 1956\u2032 in C R de Silva and Sirima Kiribamune (eds)\u00a0K W Goonewardena Felicitation Volume<\/em>, Peradeniya University, pp. 185-220.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael <\/strong>1989b<\/strong> \u201cPejorative Phrases: The Anti-Colonial Response and Sinhala Perceptions of the Self through Images of the Burghers. in Swedish in Lanka. Tidskrift om Lankesisk Kultur (Uppsala), 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 19<\/strong>89c<\/strong> \u201cApocalypse or accommodation? Two contrasting views of Sinhala\u2010Tamil relations in Sri Lanka,\u201d South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 12<\/em>(1), 67-83.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1993<\/strong> \u201cNationalism, the Past and the Present: The Case of Sri Lanka,\u201d Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16<\/em>(1), 133-166.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1994a<\/strong> Exploring Confrontation<\/em>, Reading: Harwood Academic Press.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1994b <\/strong>\u201cMentalities: Ideologues, assailants, Historian and the Pogrom against the Moors in 1915,\u201d in Roberts, Exploring Confrontation<\/em>, Reading: Harwood Academic Press, pp. 183-212<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1996a<\/strong> \u201cFilial devotion in Tamil culture and the Tiger cult of martyrdom. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 30<\/em>(2), 245-272.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1996b<\/strong> \u201cTeaching Lessons, Removing Evil: Strands of Moral Puritanism in Sinhala Nationalist Practice,\u201d South Asia <\/em>special issue, 19: 206\u201317<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1997 <\/strong>\u201cFor humanity. For the Sinhalese. Dharmapala as crusading bosat. Journal of Asian Studies, <\/em>56: 1006-1042.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 1998 <\/strong>\u201cEmotion and the person in nationalist studies,\u201d Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities, 24<\/em>(25), 65-86.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2001<\/strong> \u201cSinhala-ness and Sinhala Nationalism,\u201d in G. Gunatilleke et al (eds.): A History of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Recollection, Reinterpretation and Reconciliation<\/em>, Colombo: Marga Monograph Series, No 4.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2001<\/strong> \u201cThe Burden of History: Obstacles to Power Sharing in Sri Lanka\u201d, Contributions to Indian Sociology<\/em>, n. s., May 2001, 35: 65-96.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2001 <\/strong>\u201cDakunen s\u00e4di kotiyo, uturen golu muhudai<\/em>,\u201d [The fierce\/vile Tamils to the south, the turbulent\/ unfathomable sea to the north] Prav\u0101da<\/em> 6: 17-18.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2001<\/strong> Primordialist strands in contemporary Sinhala nationalism in Sri Lanka: Urumaya as Ur<\/em> Colombo: Marga Monograph Series on A History of Ethnic Conflict in Sri<\/em> Lanka: Recollection, Reinterpretation<\/em> and Reconciliation<\/em>, Colombo: Marga Monograph Series, No 20.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2002\u00a0<\/strong>\u201cThe collective consciousness of the Sinhalese during the Kandyan era: Manichean demonisation, associational logic,\u201d Asian Ethnicity<\/em>, vol. III: 1, March 2002, pp. 29-46.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2003<\/strong> \u201cLanguage and national identity: the Sinhalese and others over the centuries,\u201d Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 9<\/em>(2), 75-102.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2004<\/strong> \u201cNarrating Tamil Nationalism: subjectivities & issues,\u201d http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books\/about\/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Nationalism.html?id=W3aAB9IFVdkC&redir_esc=y<\/a>, and South Asia<\/em>, April 2004, 27: 87-108.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2004<\/strong> \u201cPrejudice and Hate in Plural Settings: The Kingdom of Kandy,\u201d in AJ Canagaratne (ed.) Neelan Tiruchelvam Commemoration Conference Papers<\/em>, Colombo: International Centre for Ethnic Studies, pp.\u00a0 142-59.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2006 <\/strong>\u201cUnderstanding Zealotry and Questions for Post-Orientalism, I\u201d Lines <\/em>May-August 2006, vol.5, 1 & 2, in http:\/\/www.lines-magazine.org<\/a><\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2006<\/strong> \u201cThe Tamil Movement for Eelam,\u201d E-Bulletin of the International Sociological Association<\/em> No. 4, July 2006, pp. 12-24.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2004<\/strong> Sinhala Consciousness in the Kandyan Period, 1590s-1818<\/em>, Colombo: Yapa Publications.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2007<\/strong><\/strong> \u201cBlunders in Tigerland: Pape\u2019s Muddles on \u2018Suicide Bombers\u2019 in Sri Lanka,\u201d Online publication within series known as Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics (HPSACP), ISSN: 1617-5069.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong> 2008<\/strong> \u201cTamil Tigers: Sacrificial Symbolism and \u2018Dead Body Politics\u2019,\u201d Anthropology Today<\/em>, June 2008, 24\/3: 22-23.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2009<\/strong> \u201cSome Pillars for Lanka\u2019s Future,\u201d Frontline<\/em>, 19 June 2009, 26: 24-27 \u2026. http:\/\/www.frontline.in\/static\/html\/fl2612\/stories\/20090619261202400.htm<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2009<\/strong> \u201cSinhala Mindset,\u201d 9 Dec. 2009, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/the-sinhala-mind-set\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2010<\/strong> \u201cChallenges Today: Weevils in the Mind,\u201d 22 May 2010, http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2010\/05\/22\/challenges-today-weevils-in-the-mind\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2010<\/strong><\/strong> \u201cHitler, Nationalism, Sacrifice: Koenigsberg and Beyond \u2026 Towards the Tamil Tigers,\u201d 19 May 2010, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2010\/03\/19\/hitler-nationalism-sacrifice-koenigsberg-and-beyond-%E2%80%A6-towards-the-tamil-tigers\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2011<\/strong> \u201cThe Vocabulary of \u2018nation\u2019 in English in the Early Modern Period,\u201d 10 July 2011, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/07\/10\/the-vocabulary-of-nation-in-english-in-the-early-modern-period\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2011<\/strong> \u201cMixed Messages and Bland Oversimplification in President Rajapaksa\u2019s Independence Day Speech,\u201d 11 February 2013, http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2013\/02\/11\/mixed-messages-and-bland-oversimplification-in-president-rajapaksas-independence-day-speech\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2012<\/strong><\/strong> \u201cVelupillai Pirap\u0101haran: Veera Maranam,\u201d 26 August 2012, http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2012\/11\/26\/velupillai-pirapaharan-veera-maranam\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2012<\/strong><\/strong> \u201cInspirations: Hero Figures and Hitler in Young Pirap\u0101haran\u2019s Thinking,\u201d 13 February 2012, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2012\/02\/13\/inspirations-hero-figures-and-hitler-in-young-pirapaharans-thinking\/<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael 2012<\/strong> \u201cMahinda Rajapaksa: Cakravarti Imagery and Populist Processes,\u201d 28 January 2012 http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2012\/01\/28\/mahinda-rajapaksa-cakravarti-imagery-and-populist-processes\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong>\u00a02014<\/strong>\u00a0Tamil Person and State. Essays<\/em>, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publishers.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong>\u00a02014\u00a0<\/strong>Tamil Person and State. Pictorial<\/em>, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publishers.<\/p>\n

Roberts, Michael<\/strong>\u00a02015 <\/strong>\u201cAn Assessment of the Rajapaksa Regime in late 2009: Brickbats and\u00a0Plaudits<\/a>,\u201d 7 October 2015, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2015\/10\/07\/an-assessment-of-the-rajapaksa-regime-in-late-2009-brickbats-and-plaudits\/<\/p>\n

Rogers, John 1989<\/strong> \u201cCultural Nationalism and Social Reform: The 1904 Temperance Movement in Sri Lanka,\u201d Indian Economic and Social<\/em> History <\/em>Review 26:.319\u201341<\/p>\n

Rogers, John D. <\/strong>1990 \u2018Historical Images in the British Period,\u201d in J. Spencer (ed) Sri Lanka. History and the roots of conflict<\/em>, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 87-106.<\/p>\n

Rogers, John D. <\/strong>1994 \u2018Post-Orientalism and the interpretation of pre-modern and modern political identities: the case of Sri Lanka\u2019, Journal of Asian Studies<\/em> 53: 10-23.<\/p>\n

Tennekoon, Serena <\/strong>1990 \u201cNewspaper nationalism: Sinhala identity as historical discourse\u2019, in J. Spencer (ed) Sri Lanka. History and the roots of conflict<\/em>, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 205-26.<\/p>\n

Sab\u0101ratnam, T. 2003 <\/strong>Pirap\u0101haran, [a biography in chapter segments] serialised in http:\/\/www. sangam.org\/index_orig.html.<\/p>\n

Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan<\/strong> 2001 Ethnic Attachments in Sri Lanka: Social Change and Cultural Continuity<\/em>, London: Palgrave.<\/p>\n

Samarajiva, Indi 2012<\/strong> \u201cThe Flag Debate,\u201d http:\/\/indi.ca\/2012\/05\/the-flag-debate\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Seneviratne, H.<\/strong> L. <\/strong>1999<\/strong> The work of kings<\/em>, University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Shastri, Amita 1998 <\/strong>\u201c<\/strong>The Material Basis for Separatism: The Tamil Eelam Movement in Sri Lanka,\u201d Journal of Asian Studies<\/em> 49: 56-77.<\/p>\n

Sivananda, A. 1997 <\/strong>When Memory dies<\/em>, London: Penguin Books<\/p>\n

Sivarajah, Ambalavanar<\/strong> 1996 <\/strong>Politics of Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka<\/em>, New Delhi: South Asian Publishers.<\/p>\n

Spencer, Jonathan <\/strong>1990 <\/strong>\u2018Introduction: the power of the past\u2019, in J. Spencer (ed) Sri Lanka. History and the roots of conflict<\/em>, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-18.<\/p>\n

Spencer, Jonathan <\/strong>1990<\/strong> \u2018Writing within: anthropology, nationalism, and culture in Sri Lanka\u2019, Current Anthropology<\/em> 31: 283-300.<\/p>\n

Thaninayagam, X. S.<\/strong> 1966<\/strong> Landscape and Poetry. A Study of Nature in Classical Poetry<\/em>. 2nd edn.\u00a0London: Asia Publishing House.<\/p>\n

Whitaker, Mark P. 2007 <\/strong>Learning Politics from Sivaram<\/em>, London: Pluto Press.<\/p>\n

Wcikeremaratne. L. A. 1969 <\/strong>\u201cReligion, Nationalism and Social Change in Ceylon,\u201d Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, GB & Ireland,<\/em> 56: 123-50<\/p>\n

Wickremasinghe, Nira 2006 <\/strong>Sri Lanka in the Modern Age<\/em>, Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications<\/p>\n

Wickremasinghe, Nira 2009<\/strong> \u201cAfter the War: A New Patriotism n Sri Lanka?\u201d Journal of Asian Studies<\/em>, 2009, 6: 1045-54.<\/p>\n

Wilson, A. J.<\/strong> 1975 Electoral Politics in an Emergent State,<\/em> Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam 1994 <\/strong>S. J. V. Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947-1977<\/em>, London: Hurst & Company.<\/p>\n

Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam 2000 <\/strong>Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism<\/em>, London: Hurst & Company.<\/p>\n

Wriggins, W. Howard 1960<\/strong> Ceylon. Dilemmas of a New Nation<\/em>, Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

Young, Richard F. & S. Jebanesan 1995 <\/strong>The Bible Trembled: The Hindu\u2011Christian Controversies of Nineteenth\u2011Century Ceylon<\/em>\u00a0(De Nobili Research Library Series, 22). Vienna: Indological Institute of the University of Vienna.<\/p>\n

FOOTNOTES<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Newspaper and web editors tend prefer articles of 700-1500 words in length. That constraint and the format of print media discourage documentation. So Hoole\u2019s historical explorations may have been constrained by these factors.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> There have been studies of Arumukar Navalar\u2019s activism in boosting the Hindu revival in the 19th<\/sup> century, while it is probable that work by K. Sivathamby\u2019 and Revd Thaninayagam on Tamil literature explored some aspects that had political implications. See Young and Jebanesan 1995; and Hellmann-Rajanayagam 1989 & 1994.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Documents in Sinhala have been studied by several scholars not only with reference to the Buddhist revival, but extending to the activities of cultural associations with political import. In particular studies of the temperance movement in the early 20th<\/sup> century and the factors promoting the mini-pogrom directed against the Moors in 1915 were directly focused upon Sinhalese nationalism and most studies deployed data in Sinhala. See Wickremaratne 1969; Malalgoda 1973; PTM Fernando 1971; John Rogers 1989; V Kumari Jayawardena 1970 & 1972; Jayasekera 1970 and Roberts \u201cStimulants\u201d in Roberts 1979; Roberts 1989b; 1990, 1994b and 1996.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> KNO Dharmadasa\u2019s work on Munidasa Kumaratunga and the hela <\/em>movement is an exception. Kumari Jayawardena has delved into a few sources in Sinhala in this period and I have dabbled occasionally but the agitations in the Sinhala language in these decades have not been researched much \u2013 as far as I am aware.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[5] The Ceylon Studies Seminar was initiated on 7 November 1968 with a presentation by AJ Wilson on \u201cSinhalese Tamil Relationships and the Problem of National Integration.\u201d The series lasted till the late 1970s because of the energies of CR de Silva and SWR de Samarasinghe. Russell & Jiggins presented a paper on \u201cDedigama 1973: A Profile of a By-election in Sri Lanka\u201d in 1973, the 12th <\/sup>paper (and cumulatively 44th<\/sup>) that year.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Much later in the late 1980s I did ask Jane if any of the individuals she had heard expressing such views were key personnel in the militant organisations and she indicated that none were.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> These interviews, tapping over 100 persons in Lanka, were in the course of the years 1966 to 1969. They included such eminent Sri Lankans as Colvin r de Silva, WA de Silva, M. Rajendra, Leslie Goonewardene, MD Banda, Vernon Gunasekera, Shelton Fernando, Sir V. Coomaraswamy and Hector Abhayavardhana. For fuller details, see Roberts Oral History Project, http:\/\/www.adelaide.edu.au\/library\/special\/mss\/roberts\/… click on the link to Adelaide Research and Scholarship under Series 1 \u2013 Digital versions<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> I had located the documents in the possession of JR Jayewardena and he donated the vast stock to the Archives on the understanding that they would be collated for publication \u2013 a venture sustained by Minister Nissanka Wijeyerate in the 1970s with support from Messrs Dewaraja and Haris de Silva of the Archives.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Having heard an eminent scholar named Alexandre Bennigsen present a talk at the University of Chicago in late 1970 on the dormant but virile nationalities in the Central Asian regions of the Soviet Union, I used the book by Mortimer Wheeler in my course work to outline the situation and nationalistic prospects there. Likewise, Truong Buu Lam\u2019s book (1967) indicated to me that Vietnamese identity had deep roots and would eventually generate friction with China.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> See Chandra R de Silva 1974 and 1979.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> The pro-UF coterie at Peradeniya had generated a stir and sought to influence the informal CSS organisers (myself, Samaraweera, CR de Silva and Peiris), at an organizational Siriweera decreed that Sri Lanka\u2019s problems were economic and that the ethnic issue was of little import. As their energies flagged some of us proceeded to arrange seminars as per usual without their input.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Sivakumaran (Vellalar stock) was a militant whose attempt to carry out a punishing act of assassination failed. When cornered by police subsequently, he committed suicide by swallowing cyanide in order to protect his comrades in arms. His funeral at UrumpIrai in 1974 was marked by a hartal in the Jaffna Peninsula writ large, while the leading Tamil politicians were berated and assaulted with slippers when they visited that domain. My familiarity with that set of events was derived much later (see Roberts, \u201cFilial Devotion,\u201d 1996).<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Hellmann-Rajanayagam 1993; Jeyaraj 1994 and Narayan Swamy 1994.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> This article was originally presented in a pamphlet printed in Calcutta in1922 and is found in full in Guruge (ed.) !965: 501-18. The fuller implications of this perspective is clarified in Roberts 1978<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> I had received an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship involving four months at a Goethe Institute and one year thereafter at the Sud Asien Institut, Heidelberg Universitat.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> More recently it has been selected by Subrata Mishra for reprint in an anthology of articles on South Asian politics (an outcome I had no hand in).<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> In an unsolicited email HL Seneviratne recently complimented me for this forecast.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Specifically: \u201cPillars for the Future\u201d (2009); \u201cWeevils of the Mind\u201d (2010); \u201cMixed Messages,\u201d (2011); and \u201cMahinda Rajapaksa: Cakravarti Imagery and Populist Processes,\u201d (2012);<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":101329,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,46,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-161435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-colombotelegraph","category-constitutional-reforms","category-editorial"],"yoast_head":"\nHardline Ethnic Mind-Sets: Jane Russell\u2019s Findings & Reflections - Colombo Telegraph<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/hardline-ethnic-mind-sets-jane-russells-findings-reflections\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hardline Ethnic Mind-Sets: Jane Russell\u2019s Findings & Reflections - 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