{"id":176514,"date":"2017-04-23T00:01:35","date_gmt":"2017-04-22T18:31:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?p=176514"},"modified":"2017-04-23T00:37:43","modified_gmt":"2017-04-22T19:07:43","slug":"brilliant-virtuosity-is-not-genius-magnus-carlsen-not-mozart-of-chess","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/brilliant-virtuosity-is-not-genius-magnus-carlsen-not-mozart-of-chess\/","title":{"rendered":"Brilliant Virtuosity Is Not Genius: Magnus Carlsen Not Mozart Of Chess"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Kumar David<\/a> –<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Prof. Kumar David<\/p><\/div>\n

Some people\u2019s minds are really weirdly wired; a gift that defies explanation. Ramanujan\u2019s way with numbers bewildered his Cambridge mentors Godfrey Harold Hardy and John Edensor Littlewood, both outstanding mathematicians. The way theorems and theories of numbers, sometimes far ahead of their time, floated into his mind led some to suggest that \u201cThe mind of god was speaking to the mind of young Sirinivasa\u201d.<\/p>\n

Seven Magnus Oven Carlsen, Magnus Carlsen hereafter, born in 1990, a chess Grand Master at the age of 14, inflicted defeat on former world champion Anatoly Karpov and then drew one game and lost one to Gary Kasparov the then reigning world champion. An effusive Washington Post columnist was moved to call Magnus the \u2018Mozart of Chess\u2019. My unromantic soul is wont to correct the excess; dazzling are Ramanujan and Carlsen, but Mozart\u2019s was genius on a more exalted planet. So this piece continues a recent bee in my bonnet; genius, science, maths, and the weird. <\/span><\/p>\n

Carlsen was one of the youngest World Champions at 23 when he routed Viswanathan Anand in 2013 in Madras \u2013 Gary Kasparov became world champion at age 22 and Mikhail Tal at 23.\u00a0 <\/span>He successfully defended the title against Anand in 2014 and in 2016 against Serjey Karjekin. In 2013 he reached a rating of 2882 points computed by FIDE (international chess federation), the highest ever by any player, surpassing the peak of greats like Anatoly Karpov and Gary Kasparov. (I think these ratings did not exist at the time of Emanuel Lasker, Jose Capablanca and Mikhail Botvinik).<\/span><\/p>\n

An episode which bears on the theme of this essay is that Carlsen played blindfolded against ten players at Harvard, calling out his moves (Table 6 \u201cknight to king\u2019s-bishop 4\u201d, etc.) and the moves of his opponents were called back to him. So he had to picture in his mind the position of the pieces on all ten tables as the games progressed. He won all, but his opponents were not champions just the best at the university. This wizardly ability at mental visualisation reminds me of how equations in number theory would float into Ramanujan\u2019s mind. Stupendous as these achievements are, I would still search for another word than genius to denote them. Magnus Carlson is not the Mozart of chess, nor Ramanujan of mathematics. Why?<\/span><\/p>\n

Glitterati does not mean genius<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Incredible faculties, powers of calculation and the ability to perform improbable mental tasks is not the same as genius. Genius is comprehension, formulation and enunciation of a body of thought or art that will impact collective human life for generations. On this measure Aristotle, Newton and Einstein are winners \u2013 Archimedes, Gauss and Darwin too, though they were one dimensional. What about writers, artists and philosophers? Sure we must accommodate the likes of Shakespeare and Dante. Was Marx a genius? I think we can find a better term like \u2018game-changer\u2019 for the old Moor.\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

*Carlsen routs Anand at the 2013 World Championship in Madras| Photo courtesy www.worldchesschampionship2013.com<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

These are spanking shinning stars, but a few stand above this glitterati \u2013 I have two in mind Mozart and Leonardo da Vinci. Those who know classical music \u2013 I only listen to the stuff \u2013 say Beethoven was more profound and Bach more weighty. True, true, but there is something ethereal about Mozart, there is genius; albeit only musical genius unlike Leonardo a polymath. Mozart\u2019s first biographer Franz Niemtschek writes in a vein no one could employ for any other:-<\/p>\n

\u201cIn the quiet repose of the night, when no obstacle hindered his soul, the power of his imagination became incandescent with the most animated activity, and unfolded all the wealth of tone which nature had placed in his spirit. Only the person who heard Mozart at such times knows the depth and the whole range of his musical genius: free and independent of all concern his spirit could soar in daring flight to the highest regions of art\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Leonardo of course is everyone\u2019s choice for numero uno<\/i> in the genius stakes. Wikipedia is good enough for me:-<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/i>Italian<\/i><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/i>polymath<\/i><\/span><\/a>\u00a0whose areas of interest included invention, painting sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history and cartography. He has been called the father of\u00a0<\/i>palaeontology<\/i><\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/i>ichnology<\/i><\/span><\/a>, and architecture, and is considered one of the greatest painters of all time. He is credited with the invention of the parachute, helicopter and tank. Leonardo epitomised the ideal of the Renaissance Man\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

[Disclaimer: As befits today\u2019s modest storyline I take no account of heavyweight spiritual and moral personages and law-givers. Hence going from ancient to recent times, I omit Zarathustra, Confucius, Buddha, Socrates, Jesus, Mohamed and the Sikh Gurus. It makes no sense to spin them into today\u2019s simple yarn or provoke bigots to gouge out my eyes if their aspirant is not awarded an A*].<\/span><\/p>\n

Physical basis of intelligence<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

It seems that the vast differences in mental ability between humans cannot be reduced to physical determinants such as brain size or convolution (folding) alone. I have, to the extent I could understand, read both popular and nerdy stuff in Stanford Neurosciences, Scientific American, Smithsonian and ever obliging Wikipedia. The consensus is that the correlation between brain size and IQ is only 0.3 to 0.4 \u2013 no better than what we expect between the recommendations and results of our friends the economists! A 0.3 correlation is only slightly positive and in many samples there was less correlation. The neuro experts then bluff us with: \u201cThe brain\u2019s underlying organisation and the molecular activity at its synapses (junctions between neurons) is what seems to dictate intelligence\u201d. Which is to say that they are as clueless as the rest of us and can be precise about bugger-all.<\/span><\/p>\n

The brains of the Prince of Mathematics, Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855), Vladimir Lenin (18170-1924) and Albert Einstein (1879-1955) were removed and studied in autopsies. Einstein\u2019s was extensively examined in many laboratories by teams who received slices. The weight of the brains, Gauss (1492 grams), Lenin (1340 grams) and Einstein (1230 grams), are not unusual compared to the average weight of a human male brain (1334 grams). Lenin had big frontal lobes, Gauss had highly developed convolutions (folds) and Einstein\u2019s showed a stronger than usual connection between left and right hemispheres and increased glial cells which provide nutrients to neurons and protect them from pathogens. All are sorts of one-off variations, but no pattern!<\/span><\/p>\n

Neanderthal brains are on average 15% larger than human, sperm whale brains weigh 8000 grams (18 lbs) and most interestingly it seems that the hominid brain, after getting bigger for two million years, has been shrinking in the last 20,000 years according to John Hawkes anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin. This is all very confusing; what on earth is going on? This neuro-stuff is not exact, that we know; but it is not even reliable science. <\/span><\/p>\n

Intelligence and the mob<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

I have often argued in this column that racism is inbuilt in the psyche of homo sapience <\/i>and overcoming this prejudice will be a long and difficult task. I think readers will agree that a majority of humans (sic<\/i>: that is themselves!) are racially or religiously prejudiced. People active in civil society and progressive politics refer to the task of overcoming prejudice as building social consciousness and pluralism and creating an awareness of the obligations of democracy. Since the brain in involved in both intelligence and prejudice I suppose there is some overlap between these concerns and the topic of this essay. Be that as it may, the madness of the mob is not something I wish to pursue today. <\/span><\/p>\n

There is another more explosive side to this story which I want readers to chew upon. The New York Post<\/i> reported in April or May 2013 that a Jason Richwine argued in his 2009 Harvard PhD thesis that \u201cthe average IQ of U.S. immigrants is substantially lower than that of the white native population and the totality of the evidence suggests a genetic component in IQ\u201d. He reckoned \u201cno one knows whether Hispanics will reach IQ parity with whites and new Hispanic immigrants will have low-IQ children and grandchildren\u201d. In a study co-authored with the reactionary Heritage Foundation Richwine proposed IQ screening for immigrants and said amnesty for illegal immigrants would be a $5 trillion burden on the U.S. <\/span><\/p>\n

So you see the race-intelligence debate is not dead. Its protagonists such as Richwine ask: \u2018If there is a genetic basis to intelligence (smart kids, statistically, come from families with smart parents and grandparents) then by extension cannot there be a racial basis to intelligence as well?\u2019 Granted, intelligence here is measured by tests with a heavy cultural overload and biased in favour of wealth and privilege, but still there is a problem. So why not I leave you to cogitate as you sip your Sunday morning coffee?<\/span><\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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