{"id":184243,"date":"2017-11-16T00:00:24","date_gmt":"2017-11-15T18:30:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?p=184243"},"modified":"2017-11-18T01:51:38","modified_gmt":"2017-11-17T20:21:38","slug":"the-twin-legacies-of-lenin-fidel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/the-twin-legacies-of-lenin-fidel\/","title":{"rendered":"The Twin Legacies Of Lenin & Fidel"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Dayan Jayatilleka<\/a> –<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Dr. Dayan Jayatilleka<\/p><\/div>\n

In Commemoration of the Centenary of the October Revolution (Nov 7) and the first death anniversary of Fidel Castro (Nov 25)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

November 2017 marks two, not just the one important anniversary. The anniversaries are intimately related though of unequal importance. Unequal they are, but not as unequal as they may seem. The first anniversary, on November 7, is the centenary of the October Socialist Revolution or Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the revolution led by Lenin. The other event commemorates the first anniversary of Fidel Castro\u2019s death.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Russian Revolution proved that the oppressed and exploited classes could not only revolt (which they had done at least since Spartacus) and seize power (as they did during the Paris commune of 1871) but also retain power and build or attempt to build a radically different social order. The revolution modernized the country, inspired revolutions on almost all continents, built Russia in to a military power that made the greatest contribution to defeating the most heinous evil the world had seen\u2014Nazi fascism\u2014and brought Russia to the point of being a fellow superpower of the United States. The Russian Revolution changed the world order.<\/span><\/p>\n

The October Revolution leaves us with at least two questions: why did it last only 75 years? What explains the verticality of the drop, from victories in Vietnam, Angola and Nicaragua (1975-1980) to utter collapse by 1990? Why was the Russian Revolution to form part of the political culture, as did the French Revolution?<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Lenin<\/p><\/div>\n

For a historical event to remain durably in our common cultural consciousness and thus our common global heritage, it must be universal in character. For it to have successfully occurred at all it must be nationally rooted. The Russian Revolution fits both criteria. Why then is it not as easily assimilated and durable as the American and French revolutions? Here the French Revolution is more relevant because it did have a dark side, that of the Jacobin Terror, unlike the self-limiting American Revolution, which was a political but not a social revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n

No revolution\u2014with two or three exceptions\u2014was able to avoid the phase of Terror of the French Revolution. The partial reversal of the French Revolution under Napoleon (the so-called Thermidor), followed by the crushing of rebellions in 1848 and 1871, made the Bolshevik successors determined to be as ruthless as necessary to save the revolution and avoid the same fate. That ruthlessness was emulated by successor revolutions. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018Storm and stress\u2019 cannot last forever, however, which is why the Soviet leadership eventually replaced revolutionary fervor with the dull grey conformity of a bureaucratic socialist order that could not justify the sacrifices that were called for. Attempts to emulate western consumerism were only pale imitations which suffered by comparison while awakening appetites which could not be assuaged. Violent tensions were replaced by boredom. <\/span><\/p>\n

The October Revolution and its tradition died out when\u2014and because\u2014it could no longer hold the imagination, especially of the youth. Reason and realism remained, but the romantic ideals of proletarian solidarity withered away. So too did the revolution and socialism. When the socialist dream, the dream of a whole new and different society, died, so too did the socialist experiment.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yet perhaps its most interesting achievement was that it created, however temporarily, a new type of man, a fusion of the Rational and the Romantic types, or if you prefer, of the Rational, Romantic and Realist types of thinking. Even more importantly, the Russian Revolution and the revolutions that followed it represented a synthesis of two antipodes: the thesis of Modernity and the antithesis of Romanticism. From Lenin to Che Guevara and Sandinista founder Carlos Fonseca, the new way of being was as a Modernist Romantic and\/or a Romantic Modernist.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Fidel<\/p><\/div>\n

The legacy of Lenin must not be limited to the October Revolution. The historic arc of October may well be over, but not so the legacy of Lenin. We may say that what remains, a century after the Russian Revolution, is the contribution of Lenin as a political thinker\u2014his contribution to the history of political theory and strategy. The legacy of Lenin as a political thinker is far more durable than the legacy of the October Revolution because Lenin\u2019s legacy transcends its time and place though it was born within the Revolution\u2019s historical context. Although Lenin\u2019s immediate project was the seizure of power for the construction of the socialist order, his unity of theory and practice and methodology\u2014of ideas, strategy, and organization\u2014is relevant wherever serious politics is in play and at stake. If, as Althusser said, Marx opened the continent of history to science, then Lenin did the equivalent for politics; Lenin \u201copened up the continent\u201d of politics to science.<\/span><\/p>\n

This conclusion can be teased out from the very title of Gramsci\u2019s most famous essay, \u201cThe Modern Prince.\u201d His point of departure was Machiavelli\u2019s pamphlet\u00a0The Prince<\/i>which Gramsci, following Rousseau, rescued from the hostile propaganda that had surrounded it. Rousseau discerned that Machiavelli, under the guise of advising the Prince, was actually addressing the masses, and that his ultimate project was the progressive one of a republic. (Machiavelli\u2019s republicanism is quite evident in his\u00a0Discourses on Livy<\/i>\u00a0but not so in\u00a0The Prince<\/i>). Gramsci went further and highlighted Machiavelli\u2019s project as the reunification of the Italian nation and the construction of a proto-modern Italian state. <\/span><\/p>\n

Gramsci saw the communist project as being similar to and a successor of Machiavelli\u2019s project, and he viewed Lenin as being on a continuum with the tough-minded terseness of Machiavelli\u2019s political intellect. Gramsci valued Machiavelli\u2019s republican nationalism and state-building while rejecting his cosmopolitanism. In place of cosmopolitanism he upheld Lenin\u2019s combination of the national (not the nationalist) and the internationalist.<\/span><\/p>\n

I believe this to be the most generative reading of Gramsci\u2019s analysis, though his assertion must be taken to its logical conclusion. If Machiavelli\u2019s prince was the bourgeois precursor of Lenin\u2019s project, if Lenin\u2019s proletarian project was the Modern Prince to Machiavelli\u2019s classic text, then Lenin is the modern Machiavelli, not only the Machiavelli of the proletariat, but also the Machiavelli of late modernity. Zizek\u2019s latest book on Lenin (2017, Verso) makes a strong pitch for his\u00a0utterly<\/i>\u00a0contemporary<\/i>\u00a0relevance, albeit as a communist. I would venture to suggest that Lenin could be regarded as the Machiavelli of the entire modern era, arguably even of late modernity, given the fluidity of his late (postrevolutionary) writings that Zizek focuses on and celebrates.<\/span><\/p>\n

If Machiavelli was the founder of modern political science, then Lenin was the founder of a Marxist political science\u2014even if that latter title was to be accorded by the philosopher Louis Althusser to Gramsci instead.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, this was more explicit than implicit. Marx was a great systematizer; Lenin was not. Therefore, one must not merely follow in Althusser\u2019s footsteps and attempt to rehabilitate Lenin\u2019s contribution to philosophy\u2014\u2018Lenin and Philosophy\u2019\u2014one must attempt the more obvious task of assessing and reconstructing Lenin as political thinker: \u2018Lenin and Politics\u2019. It seems to me that Marx had two political heirs: Engels and Lenin, whose (politico-military?) cast of mind was perhaps closer to one another than to that of Marx.<\/span><\/p>\n

Turning now to Fidel Castro, what he did was to articulate and practice a synthesis of internationalism and patriotism, and to bring a militant humanism back into revolutionary socialist practice. The Fidelist revolutionary state was a radical humanist state in its policies and practice at home and abroad. Fidel brought ethics and the moral factor back into socialism. His and Che\u2019s term\u00a0consciencia<\/i>\u00a0was a combination of consciousness and conscience. Right and wrong, good and bad, were brought back into socialism and state policy.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Fidel\u2019s intervention enabled socialism to maintain the moral high ground and to retain its place in the imagination. This is why socialism remains in Cuba. Fidel showed that it was possible to be socialist, revolutionary, Marxist-Leninist, communist,\u00a0and<\/i>\u00a0morally superior by any universal standard to imperialism and capitalism. If all post-revolutionary regimes practiced the combination of internationalism and patriotism as Fidel did; if all post-revolutionary regimes observed moral-ethical criteria as did Fidel, socialism would not have lost its\u00a0elan vital\u2014<\/i>or if I may be permitted a lapse into what Schmitt called \u2018political theology,\u2019 its\u00a0soul\u2014<\/i>and its historical trajectory. Its destiny would have been different.<\/span><\/p>\n

*This essay was originally published on November 14, 2017 in Global-e<\/a>, <\/b>online journal of the 21<\/b><\/span>st<\/sup><\/b><\/span> Century Global Dynamics Initiative, University of California, Santa Barbara.<\/b> It is the \u2018opening initiative of a new series on the centenary of the Russian Revolution focusing mainly on its enduring legacy in different cultural-political domains and regions of the world\u2019. The forum has <\/span><\/em>readers in more than 170 countries and contributors include scholars, politicians, artists, and activists. Dr. Dayan Jayatilleka is a member of the Editorial Board of Global-e.<\/em>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

References<\/span><\/p>\n

Althusser, Louis. Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx<\/i>. London & New York, Verso 2007. <\/span><\/p>\n

Althusser, Louis. Lenin and Philosophy and other essays.<\/i> New York, Monthly Review Press, 2001. <\/span><\/p>\n

Althusser, Louis. Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists and other essays.<\/i> London, Verso 1990. <\/span><\/p>\n

Althusser, Louis. For Marx.<\/i> Middlesex, Penguin University Books, 1969. <\/span><\/p>\n

Gramsci, Antonio. Prison Notebooks Vols1-3<\/i>. New York, Columbia University Press, 1992.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jayatilleka, Dayan. Fidel\u2019s Ethics of Violence: The Moral Dimension of the Political Thought of Fidel Castro.<\/i> London, Pluto Press, 2007. <\/span><\/p>\n

Jayatilleka, Dayan. The Fall of Global Socialism: The Counter-Narrative from the South.<\/i> London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. <\/span><\/p>\n

Machiavelli, Niccolo. Discourses on Livy.<\/i> Chicago & London, The University of Chicago Press, 1996. <\/span><\/p>\n

Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince<\/i>. London, Penguin Classics 2009. <\/span><\/p>\n

Schmitt, Carl. Political Theology<\/i>. The University of Chicago Press, 1985. <\/span><\/p>\n

Zizek, Slavoj. Lenin 2017: Remembering, Repeating and Working Through<\/i>. London, Verso, 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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