{"id":191455,"date":"2018-06-20T12:25:30","date_gmt":"2018-06-20T06:55:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?p=191455"},"modified":"2018-06-25T02:09:21","modified_gmt":"2018-06-24T20:39:21","slug":"where-laymen-blunder-into-thickets-infantry-warfare-in-the-vanni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/where-laymen-blunder-into-thickets-infantry-warfare-in-the-vanni\/","title":{"rendered":"Where Laymen Blunder Into Thickets: Infantry Warfare In The Vanni"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?s=Michael+Roberts\">Michael Roberts<\/a> &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_164808\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Michael-Roberts.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-164808\" class=\"size-full wp-image-164808\" src=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Michael-Roberts.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Michael-Roberts.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Michael-Roberts-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-164808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Roberts<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In his typically feisty style Mark Salter <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/03\/31\/the-gash-files-i-about-lt-col-anton-gash\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/03\/31\/the-gash-files-i-about-lt-col-anton-gash\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHfnissAxwh6fpP7eSoWu9-2TLMQQ\">has taken issue <\/a>with the characterization of a statement in his <em>To End a Civil War<\/em> as \u201cinfantile\u201d \u00a0(within <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/03\/31\/the-gash-files-i-about-lt-col-anton-gash\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/03\/31\/the-gash-files-i-about-lt-col-anton-gash\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHfnissAxwh6fpP7eSoWu9-2TLMQQ\">an article<\/a>based on the Lt Col Gash files<a href=\"https:\/\/mail.google.com\/mail\/u\/1\/#m_7412213298780115076__edn1\">[1]<\/a>). Salter\u2019s assertion is from an UTHR report which in turn is based on appraisals provided by Tamil civilians who survived the last stages of the war. Here I address both Salter and Rajan Hoole, a friend of mine and the central figure behind the exhaustive 2009 UTHR reports.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<strong>Neither Hoole nor Salter attend to four critical facets in the conditions bearing on the specific claims from Tamil civilians. A1.<\/strong> Through the last five\/six months of Eelam War IV many Tiger fighters were not wearing uniforms so that advancing SLA infantryman had to consider every able-bodied person<strong>[1]<\/strong> within sight as a potential enemy \u2013 in conditions of partial sightings amongst shrub and debris and the awareness that the Tigers deployed individuals in fearless suicide attacks.<strong>[2]<\/strong> <strong>A2.<\/strong>Thus, <strong>the civilians who raised this complaint in Hoole\u2019s presence did not consider an overarching issue: namely, the powerful shadow of occluded identity, compounded as it was by the trees, shrubs and buildings in the specific landscape features of the \u201cLast Redoubt<\/strong>.\u201d<strong>[3]<\/strong> How could any SL Army identify him or her as civilian?<strong>[4]<\/strong><strong> A3.<\/strong> While the civilian witnesses may perhaps be excused for neglecting this fact, how is it that Rajan Hoole and Mr. Salter did not apply elementary common sense in assessing this allegation? Did they attend to the manner in which landscape and time of day\/night condition warring activity on the ground? Note my elaborations on this aspect in an Appendix. <strong>A4. <\/strong>The basic duty of an infantryman is to his colleagues around him; he is not expected to peep into a bunker and inquire \u201c<em>kavuda mehey innay<\/em>\u201d and have his head blown off if an enemy fighter is hiding therein. His fundamental duty is to remain alive and fighting.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/brMeGyyt8ow\" width=\"900\" height=\"500\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>B<\/strong> &#8211; Rajan Hoole cannot be accused of sympathies towards the LTTE and there is plenty of data within the UTHR reports as well as his <em>The Arrogance of Power<\/em> to demonstrate that fact. It is not an issue of bias, but the application of common infantry battle sense. Rajan\u2019s acceptance of the civilian\u2019s claims on this specific point is childish and displays a lack of common sense on this front. <strong>This failure highlights a more general problem that has bedevilled the appraisals of Eelam War IV <em>tout court<\/em><\/strong>. Intelligent personnel with no battle theatre experience become members of \u201cA Panel of Experts\u201d and are dumb enough to essay judgments on complex battle-theatre issues for which they simply lack the competence.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CZc_Am5HUSs\" width=\"900\" height=\"500\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>C<\/strong> &#8211; The detail derived from the UTHR document utilised by Salter is attributed to the 13<sup>th<\/sup> May and therefore relates to the conditions faced by SL Army infantrymen in the period 19<sup>th<\/sup> April&#8211;18\/19<sup>th<\/sup> May 2009. They relate to the arena that I have called \u201cthe Last Redoubt\u201d and what the American ambassador Blake kept calling the \u201cSafe Zone.\u201d Here one must attend to the variation in the landscape within the northern Vanni districts of Mannar, Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu. Such specificity is vital because the advancing SLA infantry did not face a mass of civilians <strong>in the immediate vicinity of the frontlines<\/strong> till they assaulted the Last Redoubt. About 20,000 people from the Mullaitivu area had been induced to move to this coastal strip between Vellamullivaikkal and Puttumattalan in December 2008.<strong>[5]<\/strong> By the end of February 2009, it appears that virtually the whole civilian mass of about 250,000 had taken up residence there; and that there were no civilians around PTK during the battles there in March.<strong>[6]<\/strong> This area is said to cover 16 sq. kilometres <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/04\/16\/the-gash-files-iv-the-war-on-land-in-the-final-five-months\/#more-29891\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/04\/16\/the-gash-files-iv-the-war-on-land-in-the-final-five-months\/%23more-29891&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHGNmjw4MPWktbUgOTKXbNiFFIyRw\">in Lt. Col. Gash\u2019s reckoning<\/a>, though elsewhere I have seen 24 sq kilometres estimated.<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<\/strong> &#8211; There, in the Last Redoubt on the coast, the civilians constituted the LTTE\u2019s strategic asset: becoming <strong>(D1)<\/strong> a defensive formation of so many sandbags and <strong>(D2)<\/strong> the wherewithal for a picture of an \u201cimpending humanitarian catastrophe\u201d \u2013 which scenario was intended to promote forcible Western intervention. If many civilians died, that was grist to the LTTE\u2019s strategic scheme: <strong>\u201cJust as in Kosovo if enough civilians died in Sri Lanka the world would be forced to step in\u201d\u00a0were\u00a0Pulidevan<\/strong><strong>\u2019s <\/strong>words to a pal in Europe in early 2009<strong>[7]<\/strong> (quoted in Harrison 2012: 63).<\/p>\n<p><strong>E<\/strong> &#8211; In their various interventions or manoeuvres directed towards such intervention, Ambassador Blake, Ambassador Hattrem, other Norwegian diplomats and all the humanitarian agencies that sought a ceasefire from the GoSL, while fully attuned to the fact that the LTTE would not abide by that condition, <strong>became partners of the LTTE in their war strategy. \u2026 not mere partners but active partners.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>F<\/strong> &#8211; Stark evidence of the success of the LTTE and this partisan engagement was seen when P Saravanamuttu, head of the Centre for Policy Alternatives in Colombo, stepped forward on the 8<sup>th<\/sup> March 2009 in this style: \u201cthe argument that the forces have to respond to LTTE firing surely does not hold when it is known that such a response will result in civilian deaths and injuries, given the space and the number of people trapped within it.\u201d<strong>[8]<\/strong> In effect, given the intransigence of the LTTE, he accepted that the Tigers would be firing heavy weaponry from that area, but the SLA had to treat that arena as sacred ground.<\/p>\n<p><strong>G<\/strong> &#8211; As it is, the commando units that penetrated the western bunds of the Last Redoubt on the 19<sup>th<\/sup> April and the infantry troops that fought to take control of that terrain over the next 30 days would not have deployed artillery much because such fire could hit one\u2019s own troops. Even mortar fire may have been limited because of that possibility, so that RPGs and grenades would have been the \u201caids\u201d supporting automatic weapons.<\/p>\n<p><strong>H<\/strong> &#8211; The initial operation was a remarkable success because it was preceded by leaflet drops and megaphone calls over a period of time that prepared the Tamil civilians and Tigers about what to <a href=\"http:\/\/expect.as\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/expect.as&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHZzX3ShFB9yqSGKvs44Z9gJQYsYA\">expect.as<\/a> to plant seeds of possibilities in some circles.<strong>[9]<\/strong> In the result, some Tiger fighters deserted. <strong>Moreover, some 103-110,000 persons (including Tiger personnel who had shed weapons) streamed westwards across Nandhikadal Lagoon <span data-term=\"goog_347854332\">in four days<\/span> &#8212; thereby securing freedom\/relief<\/strong>.<strong>[10]<\/strong> That marvellous outcome was beamed to the world by television footage. Reporters and ambassadors were provided real time UAV footage of this process at SLAF HQ in Slave Island, Colombo on the <span data-term=\"goog_347854333\">20th April<\/span>. Reuters <a href=\"http:\/\/mobile.reuters.com\/article\/idUSCOL450259\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/mobile.reuters.com\/article\/idUSCOL450259&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFvaebVzg-8Rid9T96aXhG5tUSSrA\">immediately alerted the world to this process<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I<\/strong> &#8211; Despite this corpus of evidence, (<strong>Ia)<\/strong> Hillary Clinton went on air on the 22<sup>nd<\/sup> April 2009 and <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/04\/27\/a-slashing-critique-of-hillary-clinton-and-the-hr-lobby-in-april-may-2009-realities-of-war\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/04\/27\/a-slashing-critique-of-hillary-clinton-and-the-hr-lobby-in-april-may-2009-realities-of-war\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNEGE0ex66pFWURz-GZM_4Xb5SHGgQ\">slashed the government of Sri Lanka<\/a> because \u201ca terrible humanitarian tragedy\u201d was taking place and demanded a halt in the fighting so that \u201cwe could secure a safe passage for as many of the trapped civilians as possible;\u201d and <strong>(Ib)<\/strong> the Foreign Ministers of Britain and France, David Miliband and Bernard Kouchner, flew to the island at the end of April and confronted President Rajapaksa in imperious style on the 31<sup>st<\/sup> April demanding a secession of hostilities. But Rajapaksa had chosen <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2016\/07\/05\/david-milibands-imperious-intervention-in-lanka-left-in-tatters\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2016\/07\/05\/david-milibands-imperious-intervention-in-lanka-left-in-tatters\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGZ18-UcCutsoyJsjrL1I4WByjUYQ\">the setting for that meeting away from urban surroundings<\/a> and firmly put the visitors in their place. Their imperial bombast was comprehensively deflated.<\/p>\n<p><strong>J<\/strong> &#8211; While we cannot lightly dismiss the humane concerns that seemed to guide such interventions,<strong>[11]<\/strong> we know from KP Pathmanathan\u2019s revelations<strong>[12]<\/strong> as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/07\/05\/the-american-agenda-for-sri-lankas-national-issues-1970s-2014\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/07\/05\/the-american-agenda-for-sri-lankas-national-issues-1970s-2014\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNEMmlqCQvMOk4kM4ciz6tRXXxQ-lQ\">the disclosures from US Under Secy of State Michael Owens on the 6th of May 2009<\/a> that one of the central planks in these Western exertions was an ambitious scheme seeking to spirit a segment of the LTTE leadership to Eritrea, South Africa or East Timor. Ahaa! So \u2026 what sort of scenario did USA envisage for the benefit of American power in Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean from having the re-formulated LTTE directorate<strong>[13]<\/strong> in their shirt-pocket?<\/p>\n<p><strong>K<\/strong> &#8211; On a priori grounds I suggest that a party or parties within any dispute should not become adjudicators in the aftermath of that dispute. To my mind the participation of USA, Britain, France and Norway in subsequent judicial inquiries is a travesty of natural justice. But I am no legal luminary and can only postulate common sense as the foundation supporting this contention.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Appendix: LANDSCAPE AND WARFARE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I have no active military experience in any form. My commentary is only too aware of this shortcoming. However, there is a vicarious dimension that does inform my commentary, As a young lad and teenager at St. Aloysius College in the 1950s, I used to pout over the <em>Illustrated London News<\/em> in the college library during the lunch break. I was an avid student of World World War Two and invariably saw films with Audie Murphy and others in starring roles as war heroes.<\/p>\n<p>I still retain memories of the Illustrated London News pictorial series depicting the Allied invasion imprinted by the scenes which and advances in Sicily and Italy in 1944. After their landing at Salerno the Allies had to battle through or along the Pennines which straddle the centre of Peninsular Italy in a north south formation. When my wife and I visited Tuscany and Sicily in 2007 and drove hire cars during our touring, the difficulties that would have been encountered by the Allied troops were vividly driven home. Many Italian villages and towns in these localities are perched on the spurs of low hills or \u201cmountains\u201d overlooking rolling plains and valleys with vines and orchards. Roads are a narrow and winding up to and along the hills. Since the German and Italian forces were ensconced in fortified spots on the spurs and in the towns\/villages overlooking the plains\/valleys, I could now comprehend why the military advances of the Allied Forces in their armoured might in 1944 had been as devilish as slow. This was not ideal Sherman tank terrain.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SELECT REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Al-Jazeera\u00a0<\/strong>2009a \u201cSL army claims control of rebel territory, 26 Jan 2009,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=brMeGyyt8ow\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v%3DbrMeGyyt8ow&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHGTiOZfJ7AT_4JKz59o7YwmhzfdQ\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=brMeGyyt8ow<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Al-Jazeera\u00a0<\/strong>2009b \u201cSL army closes in on Tamil Tigers,\u201d 1 February 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CZc_Am5HUSs\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v%3DCZc_Am5HUSs&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGnvMX-Iiqq_mtv6wQ3D03GJifuzw\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CZc_Am5HUSs<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>De Silva-Ranasinghe, Sergei<\/strong> 2009a \u201cPolitical and Security Implications of Sri Lanka\u2019s Armed Conflict,\u201d <em>Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter<\/em>, Feb. 2009, Vol. 35\/1, pp. 20, 22-24.<\/p>\n<p><strong>De Silva-Ranasinghe, Sergei<\/strong> 2009b \u201cThe Battle for the Vanni Pocket,\u201d <em>Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter<\/em>, March 2009, Vol. 35\/2, pp. 17-19 \u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/aulimp\/citations\/gsa\/2009_157395\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/aulimp\/citations\/gsa\/2009_157395\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNEFOrbkymEOOiauYjtnM27lxD_Xyw\">http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/aulimp\/citations\/gsa\/2009_157395\/<\/a> 156554.html<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dharma-wardana,<\/strong> <strong>Chandre <\/strong>2018 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/an-us-commando-force-was-at-katunayake-in-april-2009-prepared-for-a-so-called-humanitarian-intervention\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/an-us-commando-force-was-at-katunayake-in-april-2009-prepared-for-a-so-called-humanitarian-intervention\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGJKbomOG5PZU-3_SffAC7G02GBAA\">An US Commando Force was at Katunayake in April 2009 prepared for a So-called \u2018Humanitarian Intervention\u2019<\/a>,\u201d 7 May 2018,\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/an-us-commando-force-was-at-katunayake-in-april-2009-prepared-for-a-so-called-humanitarian-intervention\/#more-30266\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/an-us-commando-force-was-at-katunayake-in-april-2009-prepared-for-a-so-called-humanitarian-intervention\/%23more-30266&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGAvYq6UayrNwG9NuR_z85yEj46PQ\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/an-us-commando-force-was-at-katunayake-in-april-2009-prepared-for-a-so-called-humanitarian-intervention\/#more-30266<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Diplomatic Editor 2009<\/strong> \u201cPlans to evacuate civilians. Donor Co-Chairs working out \u201ccoalition humanitarian task force,\u201d 22 February 2009, <u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sundaytimes.lk\/090222\/News\/sundaytimesnews_01.html\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.sundaytimes.lk\/090222\/News\/sundaytimesnews_01.html&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNErmKdTvekRPUFAOAdLuI-wX3kAbw\">http:\/\/www.sundaytimes.lk\/090222\/News\/sundaytimesnews_01.html<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p><strong>Gamage, Daya<\/strong> 2014 \u201cThe American agenda for Sri Lanka\u2019s National Issues,\u201d 5 July 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/07\/05\/the-american-agenda-for-sri-lankas-national-issues-1970s-2014\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/07\/05\/the-american-agenda-for-sri-lankas-national-issues-1970s-2014\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNEMmlqCQvMOk4kM4ciz6tRXXxQ-lQ\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/07\/05\/the-american-agenda-for-sri-lankas-national-issues-1970s-2014\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Gray, David<\/strong>\u00a02009 \u201cA Day at the Front Line in Sri Lanka (Photographer\u2019s Blog),\u201d 27 April 2009,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.reuters.com\/photographers-blog\/2009\/04\/27\/a-day-at-the-front-line-in-sri-lanka\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/blogs.reuters.com\/photographers-blog\/2009\/04\/27\/a-day-at-the-front-line-in-sri-lanka\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFevLQTmJKKVPdNTY5dfsjpStAsWw\">http:\/\/blogs.reuters.com\/photographers-blog\/2009\/04\/27\/a-day-at-the-front-line-in-sri-lanka\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Harrison, Frances <\/strong>2012 <em>Still Counting the Dead<\/em>, London: Portobello.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hull, C. Bryson<\/strong> 2009 \u201cSri Lanka opens eye in the sky on war zone,\u201d 20 April 2009, <a href=\"http:\/\/mobile.reuters.com\/article\/idUSCOL450259\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/mobile.reuters.com\/article\/idUSCOL450259&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFvaebVzg-8Rid9T96aXhG5tUSSrA\">http:\/\/mobile.reuters.com\/article\/idUSCOL450259<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hull, C. Bryson &amp; Ranga<\/strong> <strong>Sirilal 2009a \u201c<\/strong>Sri Lankan War in Endgame, 100,000 escape rebel zone,\u201d 23 April 2009, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-srilanka-war-idUSTRE53J0IZ20090422\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-srilanka-war-idUSTRE53J0IZ20090422&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFv0gGlnzllkX5loQt_XbIoPL0bVQ\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-srilanka-war-idUSTRE53J0IZ20090422<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>IDAG [i.e. Citizen Silva] <\/strong>2013 \u201cThe Numbers Game: Politics of Retributive Justice,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/132499266\/The-Numbers-Game-Politics-of-Retributive-Justice\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/132499266\/The-Numbers-Game-Politics-of-Retributive-Justice&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGzqkVuVQoxqkpfRglWgSDMhD6_1A\">http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/132499266\/The-Numbers-Game-Politics-of-Retributive-Justice<\/a><strong> OR <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.satp.org\/satporgtp\/countries\/shrilanka\/document\/TheNG.pdf\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.satp.org\/satporgtp\/countries\/shrilanka\/document\/TheNG.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHLD0voXvAY6ofa8pTDavmAcn2_Dw\">http:\/\/<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.satp.org\/satporgtp\/countries\/shrilanka\/document\/TheNG.pdf\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.satp.org\/satporgtp\/countries\/shrilanka\/document\/TheNG.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHLD0voXvAY6ofa8pTDavmAcn2_Dw\">www.satp.org\/satporgtp\/countries\/shrilanka\/document\/TheNG.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jeyaraj D. B. S. 2009<\/strong> \u201cWretched of the earth break free of bondage.\u201d <em>Daily Mirror<\/em>, 25 April 2009.<strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jeyaraj, D. B. S.<\/strong> <strong>2009 <\/strong>\u201cFraudulent concept of a \u201cfire-free, no-fire, safe zone,\u201d 18 April 2009, <u><a href=\"http:\/\/dbsjeyaraj.com\/dbsj\/archives\/343\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/dbsjeyaraj.com\/dbsj\/archives\/343&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNH2FFSKQcPya0cZRvQlkNyWJzAP5w\">http:\/\/dbsjeyaraj.com\/dbsj\/archives\/343<\/a><\/u>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jeyaraj, D. B. S.<\/strong> 2011 <em>\u201cKP\u2019 Speaks Out. An Interview with Former Tiger Chief<\/em>, Vavuniya: NERDO.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Narendran, Rajasingham <\/strong>2014 <strong>\u201c<\/strong>Harsh Ground Realities in War: Decomposing Bodies and Missing Persons and Soldiers,\u201d 28 January 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/28\/11702\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/28\/11702\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGkNOV8f64QndgDlQyuaxiMUAnHDw\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/28\/11702\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Noble, Kath <\/strong>2013 \u201cNumbers Game reviewed by Kath Noble: The Full Monty,\u201d 14 July 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/14\/numbers-game-reviewed-by-kath-noble-the-full-monty\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/14\/numbers-game-reviewed-by-kath-noble-the-full-monty\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237328000&amp;usg=AFQjCNEDknbGEjYiFneS_nuLNC-wSBjvoA\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/14\/numbers-game-reviewed-by-kath-noble-the-full-monty\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Roberts, Michael <\/strong>2011 \u201cAmnesty International reveals its Flawed Tunnel-Vision in Sri Lanka in\u00a02009,\u201d 10 Aug. 2011, <a href=\"http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/08\/10\/amnesty-international-reveals-its-flawed-tunnel-vision-on-sri-lanka-in-2009\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/08\/10\/amnesty-international-reveals-its-flawed-tunnel-vision-on-sri-lanka-in-2009\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFtZzTKXHkQ_D74N6W5H1gQtEpSMg\">http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/08\/10\/amnesty-international-reveals-its-flawed-tunnel-vision-on-sri-lanka-in-2009\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Roberts, Michael <\/strong>2011 <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/07\/the-landscape-of-the-lttes-last-redoubt-may-2009\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/07\/the-landscape-of-the-lttes-last-redoubt-may-2009\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGWvIBpFKEx0JjKfv8y-tBX53IXNQ\">\u201cThe Landscape of the LTTE\u2019s Last Redoubt, May\u00a02009<\/a>,\u201d 7 June 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/07\/the-landscape-of-the-lttes-last-redoubt-may-2009\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/07\/the-landscape-of-the-lttes-last-redoubt-may-2009\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGWvIBpFKEx0JjKfv8y-tBX53IXNQ\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/07\/the-landscape-of-the-lttes-last-redoubt-may-2009\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Roberts, Michael <\/strong>2013 \u201cPictorial Illustrations of the Mass Exodus from the Last Redoubt, <span data-term=\"goog_347854334\">20-22 April<\/span> and mid-May 2009,\u201d Appendix V for \u201cBBC Blind\u201d, <a href=\"http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/11\/exodus-from-the-last-redoubt-late-april-mid-may-2009-appendix-v-for-bbc-blind\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/11\/exodus-from-the-last-redoubt-late-april-mid-may-2009-appendix-v-for-bbc-blind\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGIBi9l4epaOolT5TP_SlVEXy3fbQ\">http:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/11\/exodus-from-the-last-redoubt-late-april-mid-may-2009-appendix-v-for-bbc-blind\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Roberts, Michael<\/strong>\u00a02013 \u201cBBC-Blind: Misreading the Tamil Tiger Strategy of International Blackmail, 2008-13,\u201d <u><a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/08\/bbc-blind-misreading-the-tamil-tiger-strategy-of-international-blackmail-2008-13\/#more-11221\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/08\/bbc-blind-misreading-the-tamil-tiger-strategy-of-international-blackmail-2008-13\/%23more-11221&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNEICg_YKFEckHtpKQFgKpfmd2HKTA\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/08\/bbc-blind-misreading-the-tamil-tiger-strategy-of-international-blackmail-2008-13\/#more-11221<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p><strong>Roberts, Michael <\/strong>2014a \u201cGenerating Calamity, 2008-2014: An Overview of Tamil Nationalist Operations and Their Marvels,\u201d 10 April 2014, <u><a href=\"http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2014\/04\/10\/generating-calamity-2008-2014-an-overview-of-tamil-nationalist-operations-and-their-marvels\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2014\/04\/10\/generating-calamity-2008-2014-an-overview-of-tamil-nationalist-operations-and-their-marvels\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGntftfOttFVASyjPBh70UTrQkMVg\">http:\/\/groundviews.org\/2014\/04\/10\/generating-calamity-2008-2014-an-overview-of-tamil-nationalist-operations-and-their-marvels\/<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p><strong>Roberts, Michael <\/strong>2014b \u201cThe Induction Oath of Tamil Tiger Fighters at Their Passing-Out Ceremony,\u201d 23 June 2014<strong>, <\/strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/06\/23\/the-induction-oath-of-tamil-tiger-fighters-at-their-passing-out-ceremony\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/06\/23\/the-induction-oath-of-tamil-tiger-fighters-at-their-passing-out-ceremony\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHF7rqcXEoLKsQyYPHRRdxrmM5kxQ\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/06\/23\/the-induction-oath-of-tamil-tiger-fighters-at-their-passing-out-ceremony\/<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p><strong>Roberts, Michael <\/strong>2018\u00a0 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/the-bogollagama-gem-thoughts-on-the-threatening-us-spectre-in-march-may-2009\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/the-bogollagama-gem-thoughts-on-the-threatening-us-spectre-in-march-may-2009\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHb1HBRzu8ZGmO7pUHpCdxfwTKLPw\">The Bogollagama Gem: Thoughts on the Threatening US Spectre in March-May\u00a02009<\/a>,\u201d 7 May 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/the-bogollagama-gem-thoughts-on-the-threatening-us-spectre-in-march-may-2009\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/the-bogollagama-gem-thoughts-on-the-threatening-us-spectre-in-march-may-2009\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHb1HBRzu8ZGmO7pUHpCdxfwTKLPw\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2018\/05\/07\/the-bogollagama-gem-thoughts-on-the-threatening-us-spectre-in-march-may-2009\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Salter, Mark\u00a0<\/strong>2015\u00a0<em>To End a Civil War. Norway\u2019s Peace Engagement in Sri Lanka,\u00a0<\/em>London: Hurst &amp; Company.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Saravanamuttu, P. 2009 \u201cUnending End Game,\u201d 9 March 2009, <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thesundayleader.lk\/archive\/20090308\/issues.htm\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.thesundayleader.lk\/archive\/20090308\/issues.htm&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFqvIWpSbiiRC2dcwVqbv2TqP9Y2w\">http:\/\/www.thesundayleader.lk\/archive\/20090308\/issues.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tammita-Delgoda, S.\u00a0<\/strong>2009 \u201cThe Casualties of Sri Lanka\u2019s Brutal Civil War,\u201d 16 April 2009, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/asia\/the-casualties-of-sri-lankas-brutal-civil-war-1669280.html\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/asia\/the-casualties-of-sri-lankas-brutal-civil-war-1669280.html&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGYGkZH0sWlx1SFZ0RqsJnZCtgelw\">https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/asia\/the-casualties-of-sri-lankas-brutal-civil-war-1669280.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tammita-Delgoda, S.\u00a0<\/strong>2009 \u201cSri Lanka: The Last Phase in Eelam War IV. From Chundikulam to Pudukulam,\u201d New Delhi: Centre for Land Warfare, Manekshaw Paper No. 13, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.claws.in\/administrator\/uploaded_files\/1274263403MP%2022.pdf\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.claws.in\/administrator\/uploaded_files\/1274263403MP%252022.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHhKzSGZhfR8P774XWMx4_QbNv0Kg\">http:\/\/www.claws.in\/administrator\/uploaded_files\/1274263403MP%2022.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tammita-Delgoda, S.<\/strong>\u00a02014a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/21\/crossing-the-lines-tamils-escapees-from-the-last-redoubt-meet-the-army\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/21\/crossing-the-lines-tamils-escapees-from-the-last-redoubt-meet-the-army\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGeA1TKrr3QPY8oAi8FHGehZ1hxJQ\">Crossing the Lines: Tamils Escapees from the Last Redoubt meet the\u00a0Army<\/a>,\u201d 21 September 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wpadmin\/post.%20php?post=13751&amp;action%20%20=edit&amp;message=6&amp;postpost=v2\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wpadmin\/post.%2520php?post%3D13751%26action%2520%2520%3Dedit%26message%3D6%26postpost%3Dv2&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGaHW_3QIeRoawLx0jakqRXmDpj8A\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/wpadmin\/post. php?post=13751&amp;action\u00a0 =edit&amp;message=6&amp;postpost=v2<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tammita-Delgoda, S.\u00a0<\/strong>2014b \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNECHPXpJflMn3PpveRf_iC8b5cXIg\">Reading Between the Lines in April 2009: Tammita-Delgoda takes apart Marie Colvin\u2019s jaundiced propaganda article in British\u00a0newspaper<\/a>,\u201d 26 September 2014, https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/<\/p>\n<p><strong>Times\u00a0<\/strong><strong>2011 \u201c<\/strong>TIMES Aerial Images, NFZ Last Redoubt, 23 May 2009,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/%20photos\/thuppahi\/sets\/72157626922360092\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/%2520photos\/thuppahi\/sets\/72157626922360092\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNEpfClyLMHF7ZWOLrwCG-Ctl9bymA\">http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/ photos\/thuppahi\/sets\/72157626922360092\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>UTHR<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>2009<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><em>A Marred Victory and a Defeat Pregnant with Meaning,\u00a0<\/em>Special Report No. 32.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.uthr.org\/SpecialReports\/spreport32.htm\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.uthr.org\/SpecialReports\/spreport32.htm&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNF-2KWrkEGUwfbxdsEXOvi23saqpw\">http:\/\/www.uthr.org\/SpecialReports\/spreport32.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>UTHR<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>2009\u00a0<\/strong><em>Let Them Speak: Truth about Sri Lanka\u2019s Victims of War<\/em>. Special Report No. 34,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.uthr.org\/SpecialReports\/Special%20rep34\/Uthr-sp.rp34.htm\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=http:\/\/www.uthr.org\/SpecialReports\/Special%2520rep34\/Uthr-sp.rp34.htm&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNF8w2SBsiaB0ladNvWr1JKher6q8w\">http:\/\/www.uthr.org\/SpecialReports\/Special%20rep34\/Uthr-sp.rp34.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[1] \u201cAble-bodied person\u201d in this situation should include boys and girls aged 12 -16 because some of the most fearless suicide charges were sometimes undertaken by these juveniles.<\/p>\n<p>[2] In fact. the LTTE unleashed suicide attacks on occasions among the fleeing civilians in order to deter them (as recorded both in the UTHR studies and in some of Serge de Silva Ranasinghe\u2019s essays). There were several instances when SL Army troops were subject to such attacks on the 19\/20<sup>th<\/sup> April as well as subsequently (see de Silva-Ranasinghe, \u201cDownfall,\u201d 2010).<\/p>\n<p>[3] That is why I fashioned an article on <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/07\/the-landscape-of-the-lttes-last-redoubt-may-2009\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/07\/the-landscape-of-the-lttes-last-redoubt-may-2009\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGWvIBpFKEx0JjKfv8y-tBX53IXNQ\">\u201cThe Landscape of the LTTE\u2019s Last Redoubt, May\u00a02009<\/a>,\u201d (Roberts 2011) &#8211; deploying Kanchan Prasad\u2019s\u00a0 shots when she visited the rear battle arena of the Last Redoubt from the <span data-term=\"goog_347854335\">14-18th May<\/span> with Muralidhar Reddy. Also see \u201cTimes Aerial Images,\u201d 2009.<\/p>\n<p>[4] Note, too, that a significant number had also been trained in basic military action in the <em>makkal padai<\/em> (civilian auxiliary force) in the years 2005-08 (see Figs. 62-64 in Roberts, <em>Tamil Person and State. Pictorial<\/em>, 2014, pp. 106-08).<\/p>\n<p>[5] See Jeyaraj, \u201cFraudulent Concept,\u201d 2009. In my surmise this specific move was designed to thwart any amphibious landing by the GoSL forces.<\/p>\n<p>[6] See Tammita-Delgoda\u2019s description of the aftermath of battles at PTK with photographs as supplements: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNECHPXpJflMn3PpveRf_iC8b5cXIg\">Reading Between the Lines in April 2009: Tammita-Delgoda takes apart Marie Colvin\u2019s jaundiced propaganda article in British\u00a0newspaper<\/a>,\u201d 26 September 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNECHPXpJflMn3PpveRf_iC8b5cXIg\">https:\/\/thuppahi.wordpress.com\/2014\/09\/26\/rading-between-the-lines-in-april-2009-tammita-delgoda-takes-apart-marie-colvins-jaundiced-propanda-article-in-british-newspaper\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[7] Quoted in Harrison 2012: 63 \u2026 Pulidevan was the Chief Political Commissars in 2009.<\/p>\n<p>[8] See Saravanamuttu 2009. \u00a0This sentence is followed by references to the statements of the visiting luminary Sir John Holmes of the UN. In retrospect, it is abundantly clear that Holmes and other UN emissaries, such as Vijay Nambiar, were virtually USA\u2019s handmaidens. Note that earlier on the <span data-term=\"goog_347854336\">19th February<\/span> Human Rights Watch had released <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2009\/02\/19\/sri-lanka-end-war-civilians\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=en&amp;q=https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2009\/02\/19\/sri-lanka-end-war-civilians&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1529562237329000&amp;usg=AFQjCNGljG_5LcFGOCbtlFmS_wjRuQjbOA\">an illustrated document<\/a> with this demand: \u201cThe Sri Lankan government should immediately cease its indiscriminate artillery attacks on civilians in the northern Vanni region and its policy of detaining displaced persons in internment camps.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[9] It is my suspicion that few SL Army Tamil -speakers or Karuna\u2019s men had been infiltrated into the civilian populace in to plant seeds of possible courses of action.<\/p>\n<p>[10] See Jeyaraj, \u201cWretched,\u201d 2009 and Hull \u201cEye in Sky,\u201d 2009. Also note Roberts, \u201cPictorial Illustrations \u2026,\u201d 2013.<\/p>\n<p>[11] Foreign policy formulations within the Western states (and most states) are fields that are difficult to penetrate. The degree to which humanitarian concerns shaped USA\u2019s policy towards Sri Lanka is a debating ground.<\/p>\n<p>[12] See Jeyaraj, <em>KP Speaks Out<\/em>, 2011. KP\u2019s efforts saw an assembly of Norwegian diplomats and LTTE emissaries from their global network meet in Kuala Lumpur in February 2009; while a PACOM team of US military specialists visited Sri Lanka to assess possibilities of intervention (see Salter 2015: 348-49 and Roberts, \u201cBogollagam Gem,\u201d 2018). The latter was kept hush-hush \u2026and still is.<\/p>\n<p>[13] References with Ambassador Blake\u2019s despatches indicate that USA was ready to hand Pirapaharan and Pottu Amman over to India [to face punishment for the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]. Thus it is logical to surmise that they would have settled on the political wing of the LTTE as carriers of the flag and point men in the US strategy of securing \u201ca negotiated settlement\u201d (Owens\u2019s words) in Sri Lanka between its Tamil people and the Sinhala-led government.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":60,"featured_media":164808,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,46,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-191455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-colombotelegraph","category-constitutional-reforms","category-editorial"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Where Laymen Blunder Into Thickets: Infantry Warfare In The Vanni - 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