{"id":191882,"date":"2018-07-06T00:00:21","date_gmt":"2018-07-05T18:30:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?p=191882"},"modified":"2018-07-11T18:29:21","modified_gmt":"2018-07-11T12:59:21","slug":"understanding-the-radical-right-surge-in-sri-lanka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/understanding-the-radical-right-surge-in-sri-lanka\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding The Radical Right Surge In Sri Lanka\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Dayan Jayatilleka<\/a> \u2013<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Dr. Dayan Jayatilleka<\/p><\/div>\n

Wijeweera, my old foe, would have read the writing on the wall, sounded the alarm and mobilized publicly and massively, but the JVP<\/a> and FSP<\/a> are silent\u2014except for an isolated remark each by KD Lal Kantha and Duminda Navagamuwa. Adopting an ostrich posture, these two parties appear foredoomed. The only Left resistance to what is on the horizon, comes from a lone hero, Vasudeva Nanayakkara, and his is increasingly a voice in the wilderness and a rearguard action.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For their part, far from functioning as \u201cthought leaders\u201d, the cosmopolitan civil society liberals are pathetic. When one expected a hundred liberal voices to sign a petition denouncing the \u201cHitler\/military rule\u201d reference, they signed up to denounce my nomination as ambassador to Russia instead! This NGO underworld is the least credible and most discredited element in our society.<\/p>\n

For an antidote to the toxicity, or at least a balancing factor which can countervail and contain at least to some extent, the Far Right surge, one will have to look elsewhere, politically. I shall suggest what that direction that might be, in the course of this article.<\/p>\n

It is not the case, as a senior professor pontificated recently, that the national election on the horizon (in a year and a quarter) may see a choice between a \u201cweak democracy\u201d and a \u201chard authoritarianism\u201d, but rather, what kind of \u201chard authoritarianism\u201d it is likely to be and why. This is not hair-splitting. Between one variety of hard authoritarianism and another, lies not a distinction, but a world of difference. South East Asia experienced \u201chard authoritarianism\u201d through decades of its modern history, as did Sri Lanka in the decade of the 1980s, with 60,000 workers sacked, a fraudulent and coercive referendum which postponed the parliamentary elections and shut down the peaceful parliamentary path of change. Is that our post-2019 prospect?<\/p>\n

The \u201chard authoritarianism\u201d label omits a very important concept and factor, which we have known about since the ancient Greeks, namely that of ethos<\/i>.<\/b> It is the factor of ethos<\/i> that determines the most relevant distinction between regime types and indeed, regimes. In a revised, updated version, French political thought draws attention to the factor of mentalit\u00e9<\/i><\/b><\/a>,<\/i> meaning \u2018mentality\u2019.<\/p>\n

Western political scientists, with whom I would decidedly disagree in favor of a more universal political science with an Eurasian emphasis, would unhesitating describe Putin\u2019s Russia, Xi Jin Ping\u2019s China and probably Erdogan\u2019s Turkey as \u2018hard authoritarian\u2019. Be that as it may, there would be a qualitative difference between Putin\u2019s Russia (and Russia\u2019s Putin) and a Sinhala Alt-Right regime\u2014so different as to make nonsense of a common classification.<\/p>\n

However one may define the Russian and Chinese models, their dominant ethos <\/i>is composed of the troika<\/i> of Rationality, Realism and Statism. Evidence and example is provided by the state structure and constitutional models of both Russia and China, which provide for regional autonomy for ethnic nationalities and minorities<\/b>. Given the discourse of the Hitler controversy, the solidarity for Rev. Gnanasaara, and the acute antipathy to ethnic power-sharing, a Sri Lankan Alt-Right regime will not be governed by Realism and rationality.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The \u201chard authoritarianism\u201d label is blind to a key question of political sociology: the social element or combination of social elements driving the ideology<\/b> and consciousness<\/b> of the Sinhala Alt-Right bloc. The key factor is the role of the clergy\/ex-military interface, the dominant ideology, mentality and dynamics within the clergy, and its dominance within the Alt-Right bloc as well as its seepage into the fringes and flanks of the Opposition.<\/p>\n

A \u201chard authoritarianism\u201d with a left wing, conventional rightwing or centrist ideology operates within the larger spheres of Reason and Realism, and is therefore a very different animal from a hard authoritarianism governed by an Alt Right ideology and mentality. In many cases the Alt-Right is a religious right, as we know from the case of the rise of Evangelism on the Republican Right and its morphing with the Tea Party Movement, and now the hybrid, Christian Evangelical Zionism.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

What is rising in Sri Lanka is just such a religious Alt-Right, with the distinctive markers that define its core constituency and its social consciousness. That constituency and collective consciousness are very different from the populist base of Mahinda Rajapaksa and the JO, but is piggy-backing on it. That constituency and consciousness are also very different from the UNP constituency of the Jayewardene regime throughout its \u201chard authoritarian\u201d decade.<\/p>\n

Neoliberal economics and the SLFP\u2019s abdication of the role of the centrist opposition, opened a vacuum which is being filled by the confluence of four streams of social and ideological opinion:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) The hawkish ex-military brass infuse a deep-state ideology of a National Security State.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(2) The Sinhala expatriates, attracted by the rise of the Alt-Right in their Western societies of domicile, transmit this ideology through newly established networks (e.g. GSLF) into Sri Lankan politics.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) Business, managerial, professional and academic counter-elites play the patriotic Sinhala-Buddhist card to advocate a model which would bring them preferential advantage.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(4) The Buddhist clergy displays a greatly enhanced assertiveness and seeks a political veto, while within the clergy, the initiative has shifted to the most militant elements and caucuses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is the specific nature, ideology and consciousness of the ethno-religious Alt-Right in Sri Lanka that will determine the ethos<\/i> of any regime it propels into office and dominates ideologically. That Alt-Right social consciousness will crucially shape the agenda of the government. The political behavior and social policies of such an administration will be of such hegemonistic unilateralism,<\/b> social and cultural dominance and prescription of the private, as we have never experienced. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is important not to overlook the determining (or \u2018over-determining\u2019) effect any of the three following factors and most decidedly of a fusion of all three:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

a) The character and consciousness of the core constituency of a political leader, movement and regime\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

b) The role of organized religion and the clergy in society and\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

c) The character of civil-military relations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A political leadership whose core constituency is the religious Alt\u2013Right and the most hawkish ex-military element; a growing religiosity in society and a growing dominance of the most obscurantist militant current within the clergy; a tectonic shift in civil\u2013military relations in the direction of dominance by the latter, when put together, will constitute a regime that can only be superficially captured by the description \u201chard authoritarian\u201d and whose theocratic-militarist <\/b>character will make far deeper inroads into cultural and personal freedom and private space than in almost any contemporary authoritarian regime, however \u2018hard\u2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

There will be no \u2018modernization\/democracy\u2019 trade-off. There can be no economic modernization without social modernity as the guiding ideology, and there can be no social modernization without a modern social consciousness, none of which can be achieved through a regime dominated by a social ideology and collective consciousness of an archaic nature. The embryonic, emerging Sri Lankan scenario is of a regime type approximating that of Pakistan under Zia ul Haq, with its alliance between the military and the militant mullahs, as well as that of Myanmar, with its axis of the military, the militant monks and Wirathu\u2019s \u2018weaponised\u2019 ethno-Buddhism. Ours will be a darker dispensation than mere \u201chard authoritarianism\u201d. It will be far more \u2018totalitarian\u2019<\/b> than \u2018authoritarian\u2019<\/b>: <\/b>a Reich.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

The landmark Viyath Maga event at the Shangri-La hotel opened with the image in the very first slide, with showed Gotabhaya Rajapaksa with only one other person in the frame, leaning over the shoulder of the seated GR. That was Rear Admiral Sarath Weerasekara (Retd.), a notorious hawk, aggressively anti-13A agitator and Sinhala-Buddhist ultra-nationalist, rejected by the Sinhala voters of Digamadulla in the Eastern province in favor of the non-racist progressive from the JO, Wimalaweera Dissanayake (who, it was revealed in Parliament, criticized Weerasekara\u2019s demagoguery in Ampara during the local government election campaign). The Viyath Maga extravaganza\u2019s opening photo-image is emblematic, revelatory and symbolic of a project. The narrative it illustrates is clear.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Weerasekara is an \u201cexpert\u201d for the Alt-Right, on foreign policy of all things\u2014a subject on which he neither has education nor experience. Meanwhile a top ideologue\/ex-bureaucrat of Alt-Right has posted on FB (a post which was removed after my criticism) a video of Netanyahu bragging on scientific agriculture, (a speech which omitted to mention that much of the land was grabbed from Palestinian farmers) with the comment \u201cthis is the type of country we should be\u201d and pronouncing on the kind of leadership we should have.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This was a week after the Argentinian football team refused to play Israel, and Israel had 120 countries voting against it at the UN General Assembly for the \u201cexcessive use of force\u201d. I raised the question as to whether \u201cthe type of country we should be\u201d is an Occupying power which shoots unarmed civilian demonstrators in the head. The Netanyahu post was removed from the FB but was still being circulated by a leading convener of the \u201cIconic Group\u201d which is the Alt-Right policy think tank.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

One can imagine how unarmed restiveness in South and North will be handled if these pro-Netanyahu types are in power. Sri Lanka will forfeit moral capital, lose its soft power and be a sitting duck for prosecutions and unilateral sanctions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Never in the history of Sri Lankan politics has there been so openly rightwing an authoritarian an ideological disposition. And never in the history of the anti-UNP Opposition since 1947 has such aggressive rightwing ideas and role models been openly propagated.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nazism triumphed because the anti-fascist vote was divided in 1933. The local Alt-Right (with its \u2018National Socialist\u2019 allies and nativist neo-Nazi inflections) will triumph if (a) it captures the candidacy and (b) its electoral opponent is a neoliberal-elitist cosmopolitan rather than a youthful Populist patriot and pluralist-democrat with an inherited vote-base, who can claw back the Sinhala vote.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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