{"id":245578,"date":"2026-01-28T09:42:07","date_gmt":"2026-01-28T04:12:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?p=245578"},"modified":"2026-02-02T23:23:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T17:53:20","slug":"implementing-sri-lankas-financial-sector-reforms-progress-challenges-future-directions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/implementing-sri-lankas-financial-sector-reforms-progress-challenges-future-directions\/","title":{"rendered":"Implementing Sri Lanka&#8217;s Financial Sector Reforms: Progress, Challenges, &#038; Future Directions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>By <a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?s=Piyadasa+Edirisuriya\">Piyadasa Edirisuriya<\/a> &#8211;<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_245579\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-245579\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-245579\" src=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dr-Piyadasa-Edirisuriya-150x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dr-Piyadasa-Edirisuriya-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dr-Piyadasa-Edirisuriya-45x45.jpeg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-245579\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr Piyadasa Edirisuriya<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"p2\">Sri Lanka\u2019s new government, formed in late 2024, is continuing a reform agenda broadly aligned with the conditions of the USD 3 billion <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/?s=IMF\">IMF<\/a><\/span> Extended Fund Facility (EFF). These reforms prioritise macroeconomic stabilisation, fiscal consolidation, and strengthening the resilience of the financial system. According to the National Policy Framework <i>A Thriving Nation \u2013 A Beautiful Life<\/i>, published prior to the election, the government\u2019s financial-sector reform strategy focuses on improving access to finance while enhancing overall financial stability.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Key elements of the strategy include:<\/p>\n<p>* Establishing a new <b>Relief Bank<\/b> for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to revive economic activity and provide targeted loan relief.<\/p>\n<p>* Creating a <b>National Development Bank<\/b> to support long-term financing and business expansion.<\/p>\n<p>* Strengthening the role of cooperative banks, Samurdhi banks, and regional development banks in providing credit to small-scale farmers, entrepreneurs, and local investors.<\/p>\n<p>* Stabilising policy interest rates to support orderly financial markets, including foreign exchange markets.<\/p>\n<p>* Introducing new financing schemes to channel bank savings into productive investment.<\/p>\n<p>* Recapitalising state-owned banks to enhance their stability, efficiency, and lending capacity.<\/p>\n<p>* Providing relief to vulnerable borrowers after reviewing microfinance loans issued in violation of legal provisions.<\/p>\n<p>* Requiring microfinance institutions to register with the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) and strengthening standardised monitoring and supervision.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Ongoing Financial Sector Reforms<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>Debt Restructuring:<\/b><\/span> A central pillar of the reform agenda is the completion of external debt restructuring with bilateral and private creditors to restore long-term debt sustainability. A landmark agreement with international bondholders was reached in late 2024, with negotiations with remaining creditors progressing steadily.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>Central Bank Independence and Monetary Policy:<\/b><\/span> Under the Central Bank of Sri Lanka Act No.\u00a016 of 2023, the CBSL now operates with enhanced independence. Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT) has been formally adopted as the primary monetary policy framework, with a medium-term inflation target of 5%. The Act also prohibits direct monetary financing of the government budget, a practice that had previously undermined macroeconomic stability.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>Strengthening Regulatory Frameworks:<\/b><\/span> New legislation has been introduced to improve fiscal discipline and financial oversight. The Public Financial Management Bill and the Public Debt Management Bill, presented to Parliament in May 2024, aim to establish a Public Debt Management Office and strengthen fiscal governance. In addition, the Banking (Special Provisions) Act was enacted to enhance bank resolution mechanisms and protect depositors. Amendments to the Banking Act are also underway to strengthen licensing requirements, corporate governance standards, and capital adequacy norms.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>Financial Inclusion and Sustainable Finance:<\/b><\/span> Financial inclusion is being promoted through service digitalisation and the implementation of the Financial Literacy Roadmap (2024\u20132028). The Sustainable Finance Roadmap 2.0, launched in May 2025, integrates environmental and social considerations into financial decision-making.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>Governance and Anti-Corruption:<\/b><\/span> Improved transparency, stronger governance, and anti-corruption measures\u2014particularly in state-owned enterprises\u2014form a core component of the reform agenda, closely linked to international support under the IMF programme.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">Despite these initiatives, the reform package remains incomplete. Critical issues\u2014most notably rising non-performing loans (NPLs) and weaknesses in banking supervision\u2014are not adequately addressed within the current framework.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Non-Performing Loans and Banking Supervision in Sri Lanka<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">According to World Bank indicators, Sri Lanka\u2019s ratio of bank non-performing loans to total gross loans stood at approximately 4.9% in 2020, having fallen to a low of around 2.5% in 2017. Historically, NPLs peaked at about 15.8% in 1999. Following the 2022 economic crisis, however, asset quality deteriorated sharply. By mid-2023, the banking sector\u2019s NPL ratio had risen to about 13.3%, compared with 7.6% in 2021. By end-2024, the ratio declined modestly to around 12.3%, and further to about 12.0% by mid-2025, according to CBSL data.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">This improvement suggests some stabilisation, but NPL levels remain elevated by both historical and regional standards. Moreover, informal and unregulated lending\u2014such as microfinance and pawnbroking\u2014poses additional risks that are not fully captured in headline banking-sector NPL statistics.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">To assess underlying vulnerabilities more accurately, further analysis is required, including:<\/p>\n<p>* The pace and sustainability of the decline in NPL ratios;<\/p>\n<p>* Sectoral and borrower-level composition of NPLs and concentration risks;<\/p>\n<p>* Adequacy of provisioning and capital buffers;<\/p>\n<p>* Asset quality in non-bank financial institutions and specialised banks; and<\/p>\n<p>* The interaction between credit growth and macroeconomic conditions, which may obscure emerging risks.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Regionally, Sri Lanka\u2019s post-crisis NPL levels exceed those of India (around 2\u20133%) and are comparable to, or lower than, recent figures in Bangladesh, while remaining higher than Pakistan\u2019s. These comparisons highlight the importance of institutional quality and supervisory effectiveness in containing banking-sector risks.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">The Case for a Separate Banking Supervisory System<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">One of the central issues emerging from Sri Lanka\u2019s experience is the strength of its banking supervisory framework. Effective supervision is essential for early detection of risks and for preventing the accumulation of NPLs. This raises the question of whether Sri Lanka should establish a separate, independent banking supervisory authority.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Key Rationale<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>1. Conflict of Interest within the Central Bank<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Central banks typically pursue multiple objectives, including price stability, financial stability, and bank supervision. These roles can conflict. As a monetary authority, the central bank seeks to preserve confidence and avoid panic; as a supervisor, it must identify and disclose weaknesses in individual institutions. This dual mandate may encourage delayed intervention and regulatory forbearance, as observed in several international crises.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>2. Increasing Complexity of Banking<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Modern banking involves financial conglomerates, cross-border exposures, fintech innovations, and shadow banking. Effective supervision requires specialised expertise, advanced data systems, and continuous risk monitoring\u2014functions that differ fundamentally from monetary policy operations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>3. Accountability and Transparency<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">A separate supervisory authority would provide clear lines of accountability. When supervision resides within the central bank, responsibility for failures may be blurred, weakening public and parliamentary oversight.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>4. Reducing Regulatory Capture<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">An independent supervisory body with separate governance and funding can reduce the risk of close relationships between supervisors and regulated institutions, strengthening objectivity and enforcement.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">International Experience<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Countries have adopted different institutional models:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>* Integrated Model:<\/b><\/span> United Kingdom \u2013 Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) within the Bank of England, but with separate governance.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>* Twin Peaks Model:<\/b><\/span> Australia \u2013 APRA for prudential supervision and ASIC for market conduct, with the Reserve Bank focusing on monetary policy.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>* Fully Separate Model:<\/b><\/span> Korea and Malaysia \u2013 independent financial supervisory authorities separate from the central bank.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">These models demonstrate that separating supervision from monetary policy can enhance credibility and effectiveness, particularly following financial crises.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Why Sri Lanka Needs a Separate Supervisory Authority<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">Sri Lanka\u2019s 2022\u20132023 crisis exposed weaknesses in supervisory oversight. The sharp rise in NPLs reflected delayed intervention, weak enforcement, and limited coordination among regulatory and fiscal authorities. These shortcomings underscore the need for a supervisory body with a singular focus, operational independence, and strong technical capacity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">A separate authority would offer:<\/p>\n<p><b>* Clear accountability<\/b> for supervisory outcomes;<\/p>\n<p><b>* Reduced conflicts of interest<\/b> between stability and enforcement objectives;<\/p>\n<p><b>* Specialised expertise<\/b> in risk-based and forward-looking supervision;<\/p>\n<p><b>* Greater transparency and public confidence<\/b>; and<\/p>\n<p><b>* Alignment with global best practice<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">Sri Lanka could consider three institutional options:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>* Fully Separate Agency:<\/b><\/span> An independent Banking Supervision and Resolution Authority with statutory powers.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>* Twin Peaks Model:<\/b><\/span> Retaining financial stability oversight within CBSL while transferring prudential supervision to a new authority.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>* Hybrid Model:<\/b><\/span> Maintaining supervision within CBSL under a legally distinct board with independent reporting to Parliament.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Policy Recommendations<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* Enact legislation establishing a statutory, independent supervisory authority.<\/p>\n<p>* Ensure operational and budgetary independence, with structured coordination mechanisms.<\/p>\n<p>* Build professional capacity in risk-based supervision and early warning systems.<\/p>\n<p>* Strengthen accountability through public reporting and parliamentary oversight.<\/p>\n<p>* Integrate supervision with deposit insurance and bank resolution frameworks.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">Sri Lanka\u2019s recent banking-sector challenges demonstrate that sound monetary policy alone cannot ensure financial stability. Effective, independent supervision is essential. Establishing a separate banking supervisory authority would reduce conflicts of interest, enhance institutional credibility, and support sustainable economic recovery. This reform is not merely administrative\u2014it is a critical pillar of long-term financial resilience.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><em>*Dr Piyadasa Edirisuriya, Former Academic, Monash Business School, Australia; email: pedirisuriya@gmail.com<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3121,"featured_media":242830,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,46,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-245578","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-colombotelegraph","category-constitutional-reforms","category-editorial"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Implementing Sri Lanka&#039;s Financial Sector Reforms: Progress, Challenges, &amp; Future Directions - 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