By C.V. Wigneswaran –
Justice C.V. Wigneswaran MP
Someone asked me; What have you to say about the adverse comments of some Sinhala politicians in the South about Sajith Premadasa promising the Tamils in the North the full implementation of the 13th Amendment?
My response was; I am amused! The Thirteenth Amendment has been in the statute book from 1987. In 1992 the father of Hon’ Sajith Premadasa by Act No.58 of 1992 took away an important aspect of the Thirteenth Amendment by usurping to the Centre the functions of the Government Agent, District Secretary and the Grama Sevakas depriving the Provincial Councils of having control over them. Around 2007, thanks to the JVP, the merger of the North and East was done away with, through the Supreme Court. In between several administrative steps were taken to deprive the rights and powers of the Provincial Councils. Good schools in the North were brought under the Central Government under the pretext of making them National Schools. Thankfully there is a case pending in the Court of Appeal stating that such action was ultra vires the provisions of the Constitution. The good Hospitals in the North were taken over to the Centre. Number of rights and powers granted under the Thirteenth Amendment have already been usurped by the Centre. The Provincial Councils have not been allowed to function as from 2018.
An attempt by me to get the present President to identify the powers usurped by the Centre in order to restore them back to the Provincial Councils and to draft the Statutes necessary for the Northern Provincial Council, have been torpedoed by the President. He has refused to clothe the Committee identified by us with official powers for flimsy reasons.
Yet we have jokers in the South who are perturbed by the statement of Hon’ Sajith Premadasa. Mr. Premadasa promised me at my residence that he would not promise what he cannot do. Also he will do what he promises to do.
These jokers like Hon’ Sarath Weerasekera, Hon’ Wimal Weerawansa and Mr. Mervyn Silva under the pretext of showing themselves as saviours of the Sinhala Nation are in fact doing much harm to the Sinhalese. I call them jokers because they do sound jokers! The Centre having usurped so much of powers from the Provincial Councils leaving the Provincial Councils deprived of the rights they had under the Indo-Lanka Agreement of 1987, if these persons are saying the implementation of the Thirteenth Amendment would lead to separation are they not entitled to be called jokers? We have worked the Thirteenth Amendment so far though deprived of the Provincial Councils from 2018. Has the Country been divided? Will working the emaciated Thirteenth Amendment lead to separation? Does it not sound a joke if you say so?
I told Hon’ Sajith Premadasa in person, that the full implementation of the provisions of the Thirteenth Amendment is not going to solve the problems of the Tamil speaking people of the North and East. Only the replacement of the existing Unitary Constitution with a Constitution which recognises the individuality of the Tamil Nation in terms of Article one of the U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) could bring solace to the people of the North and East. You could give special status to the Tamils of the North and East to govern themselves, since they are a Nation in terms of International Law. Very shrewdly Hon’ Premadasa refrained from commenting!
Persons like Hon’ Sarath Weerasekera, Hon’ Wimal Weerawansa and Mr. Mervyn Silva object to the full implementation of the Thirteenth Amendment because they suffer from a basic ignorance with regard to the history of the Sinhalese and their language.
The DNA tests have confirmed that the Sinhalese are the descendants of the Dravidians of South India. If so, all the talk hitherto calling themselves Aryans etc. would become falsehoods. Not only that. Historians today confirm there was never an Aryan Race. The word Arya was used to refer to outsiders or foreigners coming among our midst.
Coming over to the Sinhalese language it formed into a language only in the 6th and 7th centuries AD. There was no Sinhala language before the 6th Century AD. Therefore, there were no Sinhalese before the Sinhala language was formed. There is no reference in the Paali based Mahawansa to either Sinhala language or to the Sinhalese people. The word ‘Sihala’ being the Paali word for Lion appears once or twice in the Mahawansa. Nothing about the Sinhalese or their Sinhala language.
So Mr. Mervyn Silva who claims lineage to Dutugemunu must explain how he calls himself a Sinhalese when Dutugemunu was not a Sinhalese because there were no Sinhalese born still during his time! In fact, Dutugemunu was a Tamil Buddhist and Ellalan was a Tamil Hindu. The reference to the Tamil petty kings in the Mahawansa, whom Dutugemunu had to overcome when coming along the Eastern Coast, is to be noted.
How did Mr. Mervyn Silva, the self-proclaimed descendent from Dutugemunu become such a diehard Sinhala chauvinist? The answer is simple. Let me digress at this stage.
There is a new language being formed today in Chennai. It might soon be called Tamlish. It is the use of English words in the Tamil language when speaking Tamil. In lots of Radio, TV, Film productions and during literary and public meetings this is being done. In the future we will officially have a new language consisting several English words added to the Tamil language. In fact, some of the other South Indian languages came into being by the addition of several Sanskrit words with the Tamil they spoke.
To come back, the Sinhala language was the outcome of the use of several Paali words with the Tamil they spoke at that time. Paali was introduced with Buddhism. Tamil was the lingua franca of the Island at that time. It is the same people who came to speak two languages who have produced modern Sri Lanka. Mr. Mervyn Silva due to his ignorance about the history of the Sinhalese has transformed into a diehard Sinhala chauvinist. Mr. Mervyn Silva need not feel alienated since his forefather Dutugemunu was himself a Tamil.
What does he mean when he speaks of separation? He thinks that Sri Lanka belongs to the Sinhalese. That they were the original inhabitants of this Island. That the Tamils are Kallathonis (illegal immigrants) who migrated from India. But historical facts are otherwise. The Dravidian Tamil race continues in Sri Lanka from pre historic times speaking two languages from around 6th and 7th Centuries AD. The North Eastern Tamils have continued to use the Tamil language while the Southerners switched to the Sinhala language from around 6th and 7th Centuries AD, calling themselves Sinhalese. Many in the South are Sinhala speaking Buddhists while many in the North East are Tamil speaking Hindus. But racially they are not different.
The North Eastern Tamils had during the time of Western occupation become a docile, studious community. That was how they came to occupy important positions of power during the time of the Westerners. It was their education and erudite background which gave them that edge over other communities. Yet they were in fact so naïve they could not understand the political manoeuvring undertaken by the Sinhala leaders like D.S.Senanayake and Oliver Goonetilleke to take control of the entire Island through an Unitary Constitution. These manoeuvrings are brought out in our recent book released in March this year, published by our Party, TMK, under the heading ‘Structural Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing of Tamils in Sri Lanka’. I have sent copies of same to both the President and the Leader of the Opposition.
What the jokers I mentioned earlier fail to understand is that the North and East have always been Tamil speaking. When we travelled to the North by Yarl Devi Train in the earlier days the language heard among travellers in the train was Sinhalese until Medawachchiya. Thereafter it was Tamil.
The North and East was not part of Sinhala Sri Lanka. That is why the LTTE called that part of Sri Lanka which was Tamil speaking as Tamileelam. Eelam is the Tamil word for Lanka. So it was referred to as Tamil speaking Sri Lanka.
Why are persons like the abovesaid three, worried about allowing the full implementation of the emaciated Thirteenth Amendment? Though sounding humourous, they are not naïve. They feel India could for their security sake, make use of the Thirteenth Amendment to interfere with Sri Lankan politics. But who gave rise to such a situation? In their antipathy towards the Tamils the powers that be among the Sinhalese sought the help of the Chinese. China is well ensconced in this Island now. Naturally the geo – political situation in this part of the World is going to lead to tensions.
But if the Sinhalese want to avoid greater calamity they must join up with the Tamils and make them feel safe in the land of their birth. Now they feel alien.
Finally, I like to say that the Thirteenth Amendment is not a solution to our problems. Whether you implement it or not, it makes no difference now. We intend putting forward a Common Tamil Candidate for the Presidential Election to amplify our claim for a Referendum in the North and East to find out democratically what the Tamil speaking people of the North and East want politically for their future. Let us ignore the comments of the jokers!
*Justice C.V. Wigneswaran M.P.
Lester / June 18, 2024
“The DNA tests have confirmed that the Sinhalese are the descendants of the Dravidians of South India.”
Classic statistical error: correlation implies causation.Genetic tests may show similarities between the Sinhalese and Dravidian populations due to historical interactions, migrations, and intermarriage. This genetic correlation might be interpreted incorrectly as direct causation (i.e., the Sinhalese directly descending from Dravidians).
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Native Vedda / June 18, 2024
Aiyoo Lester
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“Genetic tests may show similarities between the Sinhalese and Dravidian populations due to historical interactions, migrations, and intermarriage. “
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That means your forefathers came to this island on Kallathonies from South India, swarmed the island, converted to Buddhism, through a language replacement process over a period of time learned Sinhala, and again converted to Sinhala/Buddhism, then converted Sinhala/Buddhism to home grown fascism.
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The above process triggered a reaction among the other descendants of Kallathonies, Saivam, Tamil Saivam, Tamil Saivite Gome grown fascism.
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In essence as the descendants of Kallathonies both people fought and died to establish their respective brand of Fascism.
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You miserable lot haven’t learned anything from your past mistakes.
Look at the quality of your leaders, Anagarika, Cyril Mathews, Dutta Gamanis, …. Banda, the Weeping Wife, Rajapaksas, ……… Ratwattas, …. Mavai Senathirajah, Sritharan, Sivajilingam, ……. Thiruvengadam Velupillai Prabaharan, Pottu Amman, Pilayan, …..
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You should stop being a statistician, engineer, environmentalist, linguist, historian, …. medicine man, ….all at the same time and face the facts (“Jack of all trades, master of none”).
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chiv / June 18, 2024
Native, LOL . . . . . I rarely agree with Wiggy. What he should have said is ” Except for very few, most Silly Lankan politicians as well voters who elect them are jokers “. Sinhalese being majority, deserve the title. 13th being discussed after 35 years is a prime example of Lankan stupidity.
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Dr. Gnana Sankaralingam / June 18, 2024
I have written two articles on the subject of genetic and archaeological evidence about proto-historic civilisation in the island, one of which was published in this journal, while the second due to reasons unknown is being withheld. Three genetic studies done by Sinhala scholars have come to the same conclusion that both Sinhalese and Tamils have common ancestry and that their genetic make up is similar with slightly varying proportion. Core genetic material of Sinhalese is south Indian. Karawa warriors from Kerala and Tamil Nadu to fight for Sinhala kings have become Sinhalese. Salagama and Karawas in north western part are immigrants in last 500 years. Sinhala claim for Aryan ancestry has been debunked as none of the Sinhalese who were tested had typical Aryan gene of R1A1. Even Muslims who claim Arab ancestry have been dismissed as all Muslims who took part in the study had less than 10% west Asian gene input. Shame on the part of Sinhalese and Muslims to claim false lineage.
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Lanka Canuck / June 19, 2024
The theory of Aryan invasion (or migration) was a myth put forward by a few German orientalist scholars like Max Muller, et al during the colonial period. There was no such thing as Aryan in South Asia. Some Dravidians in the North mixed with Iranians (not Aryans) from Persia, the reason for their fair skin. When the entire Southern region of the sub-continent was occupied by Dravidians, how come only Sri Lanka is occupied by some other? The Dravidians occupied the entire Southern region (South India and Sri Lanka) during the same period. It is the Dravidian tribes of ILam/Eelam that they refer to in Prakrit as Hela. Biologically, the majority of Sri Lankans (Sinhalese, Tamils, and Muslims) are of the same racial origin as the Dravidian populations of South India. The most recent genetic study shows that the Sinhalese and the Sri Lankan Tamils are genetically very similar to each other proving that both populations have a common ancestry. Therefore, one cannot be indigenous, and the other immigrant as being claimed. The miniature Stupas in Kandarodai, Jaffna that later spread throughout the country were dedicated to the ancient Dravidian Gods which were later taken over by Buddhism. There have been several waves of conquest from South India, but they only added to the Original indigenous Dravidians who continued to live in the Island from early historic times.
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LankaScot / June 20, 2024
Hello Lanka Canuck,
Where does Haplogroup R1a1a (about 23% of Sri Lankans) come from and why do North Indian Brahmins have a noticeably higher percentage than the general population?
Best regards
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Lanka Canuck / June 20, 2024
Hi LankaScot,
Haplogroup R1a1a originated in South Asia with minor genetic influx from Indo-European migrants. We should not forget the fact that the Graeco-Indian kingdom was ruled by over 30 Greek kings in the northwest and north India from the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the first century AD. Obviously, the North Indians (mostly Brahmins) may have some percentage of Europian blood in them.
R1a1a has NOTHING whatsoever to do with Aryan. A few British Colonial Orientalist ‘scholars’ of German origin who were enthusiastic to invent Aryan cousins in this part of the world, created enough myths in that process.
Just 23% of Haplogroup R1a1a in Sri Lanka is not a surprise at all. The North Indian traders/merchants during the early period not only gave the Dravidians of Sri Lanka the Haplogroup R1a1a gene, they also gave us the North-Indian Prakrits, Sanskrit and Pali languages and the Brahmi script, Religions Jainism, Vaishnavism and Buddhism, and the North Indian culture to a certain extend. What about the Portuguese, Dutch and the British who also generously donated us with European genes?
I repeat, Haplogroup R1a1a has nothing to do with Aryan. The so-called Orientalist ‘scholars’ of German origin such as Max Muller, Willim Giger, et al were responsible for creating the Aryan myth. When the entire South Indian region is Dravidian, Sri Lankans or rather the Sinhalese cannot be different.
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Lanka Canuck / June 21, 2024
In general, populations that live closer to the equator and are exposed to more intense sunlight have darker skin. That is why the Dravidians of South India – Sri Lanka region was dark skinned before the white Europeans arrived. If you see the images of Sri Lankans and South Indians before the Portuguese, Dutch and the British arrived; not only Tamils but every Sinhalese man/woman had jet black skin. According to Mahavansa, they were known as Kalu Sinhalaya (Kaka Vanna / color of crows). That is why the so-called Sinhala kings brought fair-skinned women from India as their queens and concubines. The ancestors of every fair-skinned Sinhalese today have had a relationship with a white man in the past with their great grandmothers. If the European whites had not come to Sri Lanka, the Sinhalese would still call themselves Kaka Vanna Kalu Sinhalaya (Crow colored black Sinhalese).
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Dr. Gnana Sankaralingam / June 21, 2024
They have started archaeological survey in Anaikoddai, which area previously brought out ancient relics of Dravidian civilisation. This is sure to reveal the truth, unless government sabotages the work through armed forces and court rulings.
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LankaScot / June 22, 2024
Hello Lanka Canuck,
Can you explain why the vast majority of the Philippines is very fair skinned despite being the same distance from the Equator as Sr Lanka?
Best regards
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LankaScot / June 22, 2024
Hello Lanka Canuck,
Photography was invented around the 1830s. The Portuguese arrived around 1590s, the Dutch around the 1650s and the British around the 1790s. So where did you find all these images of the Sinhalese more than 2 Centuries before Photography began? I have seen Black and White Victorian photographs of Sri Lankans, both Tamil and Sinhala, some very dark coloured and some fairly light.
A painting is not usually called an “image” nowadays and apart from that paintings of that age cannot be taken as a true likeness. I have been to Sigiriya and the girls on the Mirror Wall seem fairly light to me.
Best regards
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old codger / June 22, 2024
LS,
“Photography was invented around the 1830s. “
Yes, and it introduced its own problems . Early emulsions were less sensitive to the red end of the spectrum. So, people with dark skin appeared even darker than they actually were, as seen in early photographs.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/768989705107547198/
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SJ / June 22, 2024
“Dravidians of South India – Sri Lanka region was dark skinned before the white Europeans arrived.”
Did not Brahmins and other ‘Aryans’ arrive before the Europeans? And the Arabs and Persians, and the Chinese too?
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Mallaiyuran / June 20, 2024
There is a base word “Ariya” available in Tamil. There is a saying in Tamil “Ariyakoothaadinallum Kariyathtilai Kannaiyiru” . (Even if you are engaged in an indulgent life, keep an eye on your objectives.) The word Kooththu started to change its shape about 200 years ago. Koothu is a performing art composed in old classical style Tamil and put out like drama, rather than dance. That time Tamil mainly followed poetical stanzas rather than sentences. So, the saying cannot be anything newer than 500 years. In Thiruvasagam, Vathavurar sinks Siva as “Paarikkum Aariyanee”. That means “shining graceful lord”. (1500 years old) சபாபதி நாவலர் (Sapaapathy Navalar) in his book திராவிடப் பிரகாசிகை (Shines of Dravidianism) (150 years old) defining the base word “Aariyam” as extravagant, pompous, ostensible.
Mahabharata is referring to the Gandhari- the Kandahar Princes. Mahabharata is about Krishna trying to create a hedge against Kandahar invasion by joining the Dravidian Kings around Hastinapura. It was a savage war. Krishna made sure that no soldier would return back home from the war front, so there wouldn’t be any soldier for another war after that. He won the war, but Aryans came back like Tsunami and completely genocide Krishna’s race, the Yadavas. With that sad end, the Kali Era started in Northern India. Highly advanced Dravidian civilization was wiped out. Loot steal, rape, kill, lie, curse, burn the educational materials…..
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Mallaiyuran / June 20, 2024
Aryans migrated to Afghanistan from Russia. They are the people who brought the Somapanam – Ganja juice to induce meditation. Until Buddha and Mahaveera were born, the north was completely sunk in indulgence. All Dravidians’ Shiva culture became extremism – a new shape, because the Priesthood of Brahmanism was taken over by Aryans and they renamed it as “Color” Varnam. Sinhalese are nobody else other than the same Dosa Vada Kannawa Parai Demulos. (But what you see in Lester’s mouth is only donut, not vada; he doesn’t know that. He is not Sinhalese. He is a European Karaya. Same with Don Stephen, Junius Richard…..) But the sad part is when they take the Modaya ID, they forget who they are. That is, it.
There are two words. “Paanam”-“Vaanam”. Paanam is drink and Vanam is light. Sinhalese mistook the Vaanam for Paanam. So, Pana is light for them.
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SJ / June 21, 2024
“Sinhalese mistook ….”
Thaan ariyaach chingalam than pidarikkuch chetham. (The Sinhala equivalent is ‘nodanne demala etc…)
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Mallaiyuran / June 22, 2024
“Thaan ariyaach chingalam than pidarikkuch chetham. “
Tell me something please, is there any other clown which has taken on its Pidari as much as you take, daily? Every Tom, Dick and Harry knocks on your head and if that is you, when read startling, strange proponents. Then suddenly you wake up and start to cry that you lost your “Highness & Dignity” because somebody didn’t adore and pet you……… remember any of those things had happened anytime in that past? Isn’t that why all the time you check behind before you spit, to make sure that there is a Munthanai holder on stand near, to cover your head before you open your mouth. We enjoy trying to guess when you open your mouth whether the flying material is the word “Aariya” or your teeth, yanked out by the one’s blow, who was standing behind you.
Now please explain to me in your “Aariyath” Tamil, why is the Pidari & what is the Cheetham? Is that mountain stomach pained to deliver another naught? Again, a wild dream? Sounds like the Deva – Paanam has gone above the nose!
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SJ / June 20, 2024
“Iranians (not Aryans) from Persia”?
Mongols?
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Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 20, 2024
SJ, it does mean in old and middle Persian mean Aryan. The king’s Middle Persian appellation is ardašīr šāhān šāh ērān in the Parthian language inscription that accompanies the Middle Persian one. The king is also titled ardašīr šāhān šāh aryān (Pahlavi: … ʼryʼn) both meaning king of kings of the Aryans. ] The gentilic ēr- and ary- in ērān and aryān derives from Old Iranian *arya-[10] ([Old Persian] airya-, Avestan airiia-, etc.), meaning “Aryan”
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SJ / June 20, 2024
We are talking of ethnicity.
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Lanka Canuck / June 20, 2024
The terminology derives from the historical usage of Aryan, used by modern Indo-Iranians as an epithet of “noble”. “Aryan” then came to be used by the so-called Orientalist ‘scholars’ of German origin of the 19th century to refer to Indo-Europeans. Max Muller is identified as the first writer to mention an Aryan race in North India.
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SJ / June 21, 2024
LC
So the term Arya did not exist in Indian literature prior to that to refer to any people of the land?
Interesting!
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LankaScot / June 19, 2024
Hello Doctor,
“Sinhala claim for Aryan ancestry has been debunked as none of the Sinhalese who were tested had typical Aryan gene of R1A1”.
“Among the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka, 23% were found to be R1a1a (R-SRY1532) positive”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a
We have been through this before. Just because a lie is repeated ad nauseum, doesn’t make it true. There are many more Genetic Studies that have shown Y Chromosome and also mtDNA links to North Indian Ancestry. To claim that there are none is disingenuous.
Best regards
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Dr. Gnana Sankaralingam / June 19, 2024
Presence of stray genes does not make one Aryan. Core genetic material of Sinhalese is Dravidian. Bengali gene pool in Sinhalese will contain some Aryan genes, but that is not enough to designate Sinhalese as Aryan. Three genetic studies done by Sinhala scholars have made this conclusion. Other studies had been done by North Indians who may have tried to show about Aryan lineage of the Sinhalese. If you do your genetic analysis, you will be surprised. Shame on you to deny your true ancestors. This Aryan claim was started in the twentieth century to show that Sinhalese are superior to Tamils. Recent excavations have showed that Tamils have a superior past than the North Indians, debunking their racist propaganda.
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Ruchira / June 20, 2024
Using non technical words like “stray genes” and “core genes” or even “Aryan Gene” for that matter can not obscure the truth. What are you going to propose next? An “eealam gene”? That said how come having an Aryan ancestry make someone superior to another, and what do you mean by Tamils have a “Superior Past”? You are suffering from four things: one is the FOB mentality that many immigrants to the west from the rest of the world suffer from. Two Aryan-phobia probably intensified from above #1. Three a very sinister ideology called “EUGENICS” the subscribers to which caused the holocaust and an ideology that the world has shunned itself away from since then. Four absolute zero understanding of the concept of ancestry and basic knowledge in genetics or population genetics to be precise. I suggest you get hold of a basic text books in genetics/population genetics and read it before commenting further. Besides non of the genetic studies that has been done so far claims anything of the sort that YOU CLAIM HERE. This nothing but Tamil Racist Propaganda of Hitlersque nature.
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Rohan25 / June 20, 2024
The R1A1 genetic marker has been found even amongst many upper castes in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, with a very ancient history associated with the land. The people of Bengal Odisha are basically a Dravidian Mongol people speaking an Indo-Aryan language and other than a few castes, there is very little Aryan amongst them. Even Sri Lankan Tamils, especially from the Vellalar caste show a high presence of the R1A1 genetic marker around 30% but they do not claim to be Aryan, just because of this stray gene. Trying to clutch at straws to prove that you are an Aryan or of Arab descent by the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Muslims and their supporters like this Scotsman who is married to a Sinhalese woman, is really pathetic, as they are suffering from some sort of complex and in their pathetic minds think being of Aryan or of Arab descent or claiming to be one makes them feel superior and better than their actual Dravidian Tamil core genetic origin.
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Rohan25 / June 20, 2024
Ignore 80-90% of your origin and descent and only claim the minor element of your origin as your origin. Sinhalese do this as they do not want to acknowledge the humanity of the island’s Tamils and their ancient history and claim to the island and acknowledging their predominant core Tamil Saiva ancestry will debunk their claim to the Sinhala Buddhist only island. The Sri Lanka Muslims are doing this for political and economic reasons, so have made their religion and the minute amount of Arab only found amongst less than 10% of them, that to partially , their main and blanket origin for the entire community, as more than 72% of them live amongst the Sinhalese, so do not want to be associated with their actual predominantly South Indian Tamil origin, fearing violence and marginalization and for economic benefits from the rich western Asian Gulf Arab nations by proclaiming to be Arab Muslims, and not Tamil Muslims, hence this pathetic rush to Arabize themselves and discard their 1000 year old Tamil Muslim history and culture. In my opinion both people are pathetic and are their pathetic behaviour is the root cause for all the problems now being faced. I am 12.5% English but still do not claim to be European.
‘
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Rohan25 / June 20, 2024
Dr. Sankaralingam to be fair to these North Indian scientists, they concluded that genetics shows that both the Sri Lankan or Eelam Tamils and the Sinhalese populations are extremely similar and both people have extremely small genetic contributions from Maratha like people from Norhtwest India. Meaning they have stated both people are Dravidians with minute contributions from Maratha like people from Northwest India. This now has been blown out of proportion by interested news media both in India and Sri Lanka to show Sinhalese have an Aryan connection, completely ignoring the fact that even the Dravidian Sri Lankan Tamils have the same genetic contribution, Typical Sri Lankan Tamil Vellalar DNA recently done was Indus Valley Civilization 66.8%.( Ancient Iranian Neolithic Farmer Zagros Valley Concentrated) Ancient ancestral South Indian 22% (Original Out of Africa population). Central Steppe (Yamaya or Aryan 2100- 1800BC) 8.00%. Southeast Asian (2000BC-AD1800) 2.00% and Sub Saharan African 1.2%. The first three are the three main genetic components of South Asian people but the percentages vary with each region and caste.
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LankaScot / June 20, 2024
Hello Rohan25,
“Typical Sri Lankan Tamil Vellalar DNA recently done was Indus Valley Civilization 66.8%”. Could you please provide a reference for this result. From what you say, then Tamils are of mainly Iranian descent?
Before the Harappan Civilisation was discovered by Charles
Masson in 1829, is there any mention of the IVC in Indian History books apart from a possible Rig Veda (VI.27.4-8) reference?
Best regards
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Rohan25 / June 21, 2024
There is a vast difference between modern Iranian which is predominantly Indo European and ancient Iranian or eastern Anatolian Neolithic farmers from the Zagros mountains, and you know this . Having R1A1 DNA does not mean that you are of Steppe Aryan descent as the Vellalar generally have around 8-10% Steppe Cental Asian Aryan DNA. R1A1 may have also come from their Iranian Neolithic farmer ancestors, who also originated from the same region. The Dravidian upper castes like the Vellalar and the Telugu Velama have very high concentrations of Indus Valley Civilization Dravidian DNA which is highly concentrated with the Ancient Iranian or eastern Anatolian Neolithic farmer Zagros Mountain DNA. This ancient Iranian Neolithic farmer gene or ancestry makes up on an average around 75% of the Indus Valley Dravidian DNA and ancient Ancestral South Indian (the original out of Africa population) around 25%. When they moved further south, these original Indus Valley Dravidians further intermarried into the ancient Ancestral South Indians, to create most of the modern Dravidian or Ancestral South Indias, who have around 25% Ancient Iranian Neolithic Farmer DNA and 75% Ancient Ancestral South Indian DNA. However, the Dravidian elite and upper castes still more or less remained the same and did not marry further into the ancient Ancestral South Indias.
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Rohan25 / June 21, 2024
There is a vast difference between modern Iranian which is predominantly Indo European and ancient Iranian or eastern Anatolian Neolithic farmers from the Zagros Mountains, and you know this. Having R1A1 DNA does not mean that you are of Steppe Aryan descent as the Vellalar generally have around 8-10% Steppe Cental Asian Aryan DNA. R1A1 may have also come from their Iranian Neolithic farmer ancestors, who also originated from the same region. The Dravidian upper castes like the Vellalar and the Telugu Velama have very high concentrations of Indus Valley Civilization Dravidian DNA which is highly concentrated with the Ancient Iranian or eastern Anatolian Neolithic farmer Zagros Mountain DNA. This ancient Iranian Neolithic farmer gene or ancestry makes up on an average around 75% of the Indus Valley Dravidian DNA and ancient Ancestral South Indian (the original out of Africa population) around 25%. When they moved further south, these original Indus Valley Dravidians further intermarried into the ancient Ancestral South Indians, to create most of the modern Dravidian or Ancestral South Indians, who have around 25% Ancient Iranian Neolithic Farmer DNA and 75% Ancient Ancestral South Indian DNA
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Rohan25 / June 21, 2024
However, the Dravidian elite and upper castes still more or less remained the same and did not marry further into the ancient Ancestral South Indias. The reason may be being powerful and elite they married and took all the original Dravidian ( IVC) for themselves, especially the good-looking ones and left the less powerful men from the masses with hardly any women and they had to further intermarry and take women from the ancient ancestral South Indian tribes living there. This R1A1 DNA has nothing to do with exclusive Steppe Aryan ancestry. This and the Aryan invasion theory subjugating the Indus Valley Dravidians and then civilizing India, was a story created by racist white European colonials to prove that Aryans were superior, especially the European variety. Brown Aryans from the Steppe came down and civilized India and even ancient Iran and then came the actual White Aryans to further civilize them. Looks like you are also with all you so called polite veneer still hold to this view and marrying a local Sinhalese woman, most probably your second wife, you now even badly want to defend the Sinhalese Aryan myth. The colonial white racist view, that has now been debunked, like Sanskrit superior to Tamil, as it is an Indo-European Language and North Indian superior to South Indians, as they had more steppe Aryan ancestry than southern Indians
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Rohan25 / June 21, 2024
Even Steppe Aryans did this, when the spread themselves further east and south from their northwest and very north South Asian strongholds, other than their elite castes, the other men took local women as their wives and this happened during white European colonial rule in Asian, India, Africa and Latin America. The powerful ruling classes took their women, but the lower ranks were forced to take local women and in the case of the Portuguese and Spanish colonials they even encouraged this in Goa, Latin America, Africa, and even in Sri Lanka. This is the reason you get Anglo Indians, Eurasians, Burghers and just go and look at Latin America, generally white ruling classes, middle class mestizos and then native Indian peasants and below them the black population but now changing.
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Rohan25 / June 21, 2024
They ancient Indian be they be of any predominant racial origin never thought like this. All this rubbish came during the 20Th century with white European colonial rule to divide and rule. Sanskrit and Tamil had a very close symbiotic relationship with each other both happily borrowing words from each other and enriching each other. Tamil only borrowed words, but Sanskrit not only borrowed words but the Dravidian or Tamil syntax lexicon and grammar. I think PK already gave this
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSiFYomXCnM
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Rohan25 / June 21, 2024
Here is the Sri Lankan Tamil Vellalar DNA results
https://www.reddit.com/r/illustrativeDNA/comments/1542qzj/sri_lankan_tamil_results_vellalar/
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LankaScot / June 21, 2024
Hello Rohan25,
You still haven’t included any references to support your assertions.
Best regards
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LankaScot / June 21, 2024
Hello Rohan25,
I followed your link with reference to “Typical Sri Lankan Tamil Vellalar DNA recently done”.
This was NOT an Academic Paper it was an individual’s paid DNA results from Illustrative DNA – https://illustrativedna.com/
No Academic Site would give a result like “Indus Valley Civilization 66.8%” because there is hardly any DNA Analysis of actual IVC remains. It is one of these scam sites out to make money from peoples genuine interest in their Ancestry.
Best regards
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LankaScot / June 20, 2024
Hello Rohan25,
So 30% of the Vellalar Caste have Y Chromosome R1a1, not quite a “stray gene”. I presume by “like this Scotsman” you are referring to me. Despite my R1b1 DNA I have never claimed to be Aryan. All that this means is that out of my 254 (up to and including 5th Gt Grandparents) Ancestors only 7 have this Y Chromosome for certain. All my direct male ancestors have this right back to when it first arose in Eastern Europe around the end of the ice age. The various mutations will give a more precise age and a possible location.
I am NOT a supporter of anyone claiming racial superiority. All Humans alive today are the same Species and a mix of a variety of ancestors. Outside of Sub-Saharan Africa we all come from the same small population that colonised the rest of the World around 100,000 years or so ago.
Best regards
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Ruchira / June 21, 2024
Hello,
.
No one is claiming any superiority except some Tamils here.
.
Kindly read the comments and you’d realise who they are.
.
The given mutation is a genetic marker that provides valuable information about your place of origin in the human history.
.
Its about your ancestry. If someone doesn’t like the word Aryan replace it with some other word.
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But the truth remains there is a certain genetic marker that provides information about your genetic lineage and that’s important. .
If someone is trying to hide this from them that is violation of their rights.
.
Everybody should have the right to know about their past and from where they hail from and who their ancestors are.
.
The same way it is important to know who someone’s father is.
.
It is the Tamils who are trying to suggest that Sinhalese do not have this genetic marker.
.
Having a large portion of DNA shared between Sinhalese and Tamils doesn’t meant they are direct descendants of some recent common ancestor. .
.
The common genetic make up is a result of interbreeding and cannot be taken as evidence for common ancestry. .
.
What You are displaying is your lack of understanding of the concept of ancestry in relation to genetics.
.
I am not sure why it is anybody’s business what others want to call themselves to establish and assert their identity. Aryan or not.
.
Its like a woman who marries a man. Some may drop her maiden name and take up their husbands last name. Some may do it while still keeping her own last name, while others may not change names at all. Each one is capable and us allowed to determine how they want to be identified as by others.
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LankaScot / June 21, 2024
Hello Ruchira,
I have asked these questions before; why is Sri Lankan Tamil DNA so different from Indian Tamil DNA? Why do Sri Lankan Tamils have some West European DNA while the Indian Tamils have virtually none. After all Tamil Nadu was colonised by the Portuguese, Dutch, Danes, French and the English, so I am sure they would have left some trace of their DNA in the local population.
Best regards
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Ruchira / June 22, 2024
Good questions. One reason I assume is that Indian Tamils are recent immigrants and most are from low socioeconomic class, hence have not interbred with Sinhalese the way the sri lankan tamils have. There’s a paper behind a pay wall which I still couldn’t read once i read it i might be abke to give a better answer. Do you think 23% of sinhalese ppl who has the R1a1a got it from the european colonists?
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SJ / June 22, 2024
“low socioeconomic class, hence have not interbred with Sinhalese”
Most Indian immigrants of toddy-tapper and fisher castes and the Salagama from Kerala and Tamilnadu assumed Sinhala identity. The rest interbred far more than in the North.
Where did the Kuruppus, ***perumas and other such surnames originate?
Go through the Vasagamas of the Sinhalese of certain castes.
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LankaScot / June 20, 2024
Hello Doctor,
Modern Genetics shows the extent of “mixing” there has been in the past. There is no such thing as a racially pure Genetic DNA, whether “Aryan”, “Dravidian” “Jewish” or “Viking”. The only thing we are fairly sure about is that creatures like us originally evolved in Africa.
At various times in the past peoples have coalesced into forming “Kingdoms”, “City States”, “Countries” even “Empires”. Some Ethnic groups may have had control of lands that constituted these Countries etc. But this was always in flux.
After the end of the devastating 2nd World War, States got together to form The United Nations. Love it or hate it, it is the only International Organisation tasked with trying to mediate between states in dispute. Some powerful members have an unfair grip on the way it is run – due to the Veto. Unless the current problems lead to its break up, it is the only civilised way to resolve disputes.
“Tamils have a superior past than the North Indians, debunking their racist propaganda”. Is this not another racist comment?
My Ancestors in Orkney had Stone built houses in 3700BC, Göbekli Tepe in Turkey 9000BC, but so what.
Best regards
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SJ / June 22, 2024
LS
The north of the subcontinent was war-torn for much of the past millennium. The south had relative peace.
Do not waste time with bigots.
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SJ / June 20, 2024
LS
The whole of India is a mixed population.
The proportions of the original DNA components will vary. But there is no pure race.
Linguistically Sinhala is Indo-Aryan, but with a strong Dravidian influence on both grammar and word stock.
Who is a pure anything is nonsensical argument.
Do not waste time on bigoted theorists.
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Lester / June 21, 2024
“Linguistically Sinhala is Indo-Aryan, but with a strong Dravidian influence on both grammar and word stock.”
There are more borrowed words from Portugese than Tamil in Sinhala. The grammar is also completely different. That’s why a typical Sinhala person has zero comprehension of Tamil. On the other hand, Dutch can understand German, Italians can understand Spanish (with some effort), etc, which is why these languages are classified within similar language groups.
Hallo mijn naam is (Dutch)
Hallo, mein Name ist .. (German)
If you try this for Sinhala and Tamil, you will never find any similarity.
“Vanakkam, en peyar …” (Tamil)
“Āyubōvan, magey nama…” (Sinhala)
This is interesting. You can see that Dutch, German, and Sinhala have a common Indo-Aryan root (Sanskrit). Tamil is completely different. There is even a reverse Indo-Aryan theory. That Europeans came out of India, e.g. they are just “Albino Indians.”
https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-0dcc334333bbe20855d4d2eb59a65272-lq
Albino Indian, with a striking resemblance to Prince Harry.
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Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 21, 2024
Linguistically the Sinhalese language is classified as Indo Aryan because of the huge amount of Prakrit/Pali and later Sanskrit vocabulary that has made inroads and influenced the language but in every other way it Dravidian and has nothing in common with other Indo Aryan and other Indo European languages, other than this huge amount of borrowed vocabulary from Prakrit/Pali and Sanskrit and even now 30-35% of its vocabulary is derived from Tamil or the local low Tamil dialect Elu. Its grammar, syntax, lexicon and alphabet are derived purely from Tamil and not from Prakrit, Pali or Sanskrit. The Sinhalese grammar Siddath Sangarawa is purely derived from Tamil grammar treatise Veerasolium. This is the reason even many Sinhalese linguists, historians and archeologists have stated that Sinhalese is a child of Tamil. Other than that, the Sinhalese people are overwhelmingly descended from Tamil Dravidians and there is hardly any Indo Aryan or Indo European in them. If there is it largely came from the wrong side of the bed. Even many blacks, and others now more or less speak and use many European language, even us here, does it mean that you and I are white Europeans? Indo European speech does not mean you are Indo European by race or ethnicity. Similarly large amount of borrowed Pali/Prakrit and Sanskrit words in your language/vocabulary does not mean the language is Indo Aryan. Yor forgot to mention the amount of basic Sinhalese words to call mother father, elder brother, elder sister, younger sister, uncle, cousin and many other Sinhalese words that are basic are all derived from Tamil. Very selective, are we?
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Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 21, 2024
This is the reason even many Sinhalese linguists, historians and archeologists have stated that Sinhalese is a child of Tamil. Other than that, the Sinhalese people are overwhelmingly descended from Tamil Dravidians and there is hardly any Indo Aryan or Indo European in them. If there is it largely came from the wrong side of the bed. Even many blacks, and others now more or less speak and use many European language, even us here, does it mean that you and I are white Europeans? Indo European speech does not mean you are Indo European by race or ethnicity. Similarly large amount of borrowed Pali/Prakrit and Sanskrit words in your language/vocabulary does not mean the language is Indo Aryan. Yor forgot to mention the amount of basic Sinhalese words to call mother father, elder brother, elder sister, younger sister, uncle, cousin and many other Sinhalese words that are basic are all derived from Tamil. Very selective, are we?
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Nathan / June 22, 2024
Lester, Not so fast.
You quote:
en peyar …” (Tamil)
magey nama…” (Sinhala)
and claim lack of similarity.
Reason for your rush is your ignorance.
உன் நாமம் என் நாவில் மறந்து அறியேன் (திருமுறை4-1-6)
The நாமம் is name. It is read naamam!
Now you learn that the Sinhala for name is borrowed from Tamil.
Suffice for now.
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Lester / June 22, 2024
Nathan,
Naama actually comes from Sanskrit, not Tamil. So Tamil borrowed this word from Sanskrit.
mama naama alexaha (मम नाम अलेक्षः) (My name is Alexha)
So you are bad arithmetic and you also lack basic reading comprehension skills.
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Lester / June 22, 2024
*bad at
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SJ / June 22, 2024
N
Both are borrowed from Sanskrit.
The Tamil term is ‘peyar’ or ‘pEr’.
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LankaScot / June 23, 2024
Hello Nathan,
Then all the Europeans borrowed from Tamil? Could it be that Tamil borrowed from PIE (Proto Indo European). Even old languages like Greek (3500 years ago), Latin (2700 years ago) Irish (2500 years ago) use variations of nama. From Indonesia in the East to Iceland in the West you will find the same usage. I am not a Linguist and not qualified to give a definitive answer regarding the Cladistics of World languages, however I would think that there are words in many languages that predate the Indo-European root. I cannot find any language families that the Dravidian languages belong to so maybe like Basque it will remain a mystery.
https://www.theguardian.com/education/gallery/2015/jan/23/a-language-family-tree-in-pictures
Best regards
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SJ / June 21, 2024
LC
That Sinhala is essentially an Indo-Aryan language is well established.
To claim Dravidian origins to it will be like claiming that Persian is a Semitic language based on its heavily Arabized word stock.
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Lanka Canuck / June 22, 2024
During the early historic period, Prakrits (Indo-Aryan language family) that deviated slightly from Sanskrit were introduced to the Saivaite Dravidians of the island Lanka along with the Brahmi script by the Merchants/Traders of North India. The traders from the North-Eastern part of India (presently Bihar, Bengal, Bangladesh, and northern Orissa) introduced the Eastern Prakrits (mainly Magadhi Prakrit, the language of Jainism and Buddhism in North East India spoken by Mahavira and Gautama Buddha during the 5th century BC). On the other hand, the traders of North-Western part of India (presently Gujarat, Maharashtra and Sindh) introduced the Western Prakrits to the island. They also introduced Vaishnavism, Jainism and Buddhism much before Emperor Asoka’s missionary introduced Buddhism via his son Arhat Mahinda Thero to the island. Indo-Aryan Prakrits, a blend of North-East Indian Prakrit and North-West Indian Prakrit later became distinct in Lanka known as island Prakrit (Dipa Basa) which was originally the language (containing both East Indian and West Indian linguistic features) to communicate with the North Indian traders but later, with the introduction of Buddhism, it replaced the local Dravidian languages (mainly Old Tamil) to a certain extent to became the language of the ruling elite and the clergy (Brahmi stone inscriptions of 3rd century BC found in Sri Lanka are inscribed mostly in Prakrits and a few in Tamil).
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Lanka Canuck / June 22, 2024
During the 3rd century BC, Asoka’s son, the Buddhist missionary monk Arhat Mahinda Thero preached Buddhism to king Tissa and his people in Island Prakrit (Dipa Basa). His sister Sangamiththa who arrived later continued to spread Buddhism in Dipa Basa. It was this Indo-Aryan Prakrit (Dipa Basa) that Prof. Wilhelm Geiger assumed/misinterpreted and labeled as ‘Sihala Prakrit’ somewhere around 1930s and later Prof. Senarat Paranavitana who followed Geiger called it ‘Old Sihala’ while others called it ‘Hela Basa’ making everybody believe that it was ancient ‘Sinhala’ language. Sri Lanka was not the only Dravidian land that adopted Buddhism and Prakritised its language. All the Dravidian South Indian states have also adopted a certain percentage of Prakrits (lingua of Jainism and Buddhism) to their Dravidian languages (the lowest percentage being the Tamil speaking regions, Tamil is the Dravidian language with the least Sanskrit/Prakrit influence). On the other hand, Pali, (the language of the texts) is a middle Indo-Aryan literary language (similar to, but not exactly the same as Magadhi Prakrit) was introduced to Sri Lanka after the introduction of Buddhism and was used as the Theravada Buddhist Chronicle and Canonical language. It was Prakrit (Dipa Basa) and Pali along with Sanskrit that mixed with all the local Dravidian languages (mainly Tamil) of the common people in the island and evolved into the Sihala language (Siya Basa) by the 7th century AD.
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Lanka Canuck / June 22, 2024
A developed Sinhala/Hela language was found for the first time in the 8th century AD Sigiri graffiti (mirror wall) and the Elu/Helu literature was found only in the 9th century AD. If a Sinhala language scholar travels to India (North and South), he/she will realize that more than 90% of the Sinhala language is a blend of Northern Indo-Aryan and Southern Dravidian languages. The Sinhala language experts are saying it is not only Indo-Aryan but also Dravidian (Tamil).
Dr. M.H.P. Silva, lecturer in Sinhalese, University of Ceylon, in his thesis Influence of Dravida on Sinhalese gives authoritative proof for the influence of Dravidian on the Sinhalese literature and language.
The Sinhala language Proessor J. B. Dissanayake in his book ‘Understanding the Sinhalese’ states, “Sinhala occupies a unique position among the languages of South Asia because of its close affinity with two of the major linguistic families of the Indian sub-continent, Indo-Aryan and Dravidian”.
The Sinhala scholar H. A. J. Hulugalle in his booklet ‘Information for Tourists’ says in the first paragraph on page one: “The Sinhalese are a mixed race; their language has been vastly enriched with words from the Tamil vocabulary”.
Continued…
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Lanka Canuck / June 22, 2024
Sinhala language scholar Mudliyar W. F. Gunawardena says, “The science of examination of the structure of a sentence is called its grammar. The grammar of the Sinhala language is Dravidian”. He further said, “The structural foundation of Sinhala is Dravidian while the super-structure is Indo-Aryan”.
The Sinhala language expert Dr. C. E. Godakmubara says, “the Sinhala Grammar Sidathsangarawa was based on the Tamil Grammar Virasolium”.
According to the scholar Rev. S. Gnanapiragasam, “There are more than 4,000 Tamil words in the Sinhala vocabulary. If the Sinhala vocabulary is stripped of all the Tamil words there will be no Sinhala language”. (Refer,”The Dravidian Element in Sinhalese” by S. Gnanapiragasam).
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SJ / June 22, 2024
“Arhat Mahinda Thero”???
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SJ / June 20, 2024
Yes, you have written a lot. But little matches historical fact.
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SJ / June 20, 2024
Are Tamils of one lineage?
A third of the Tamils of Tamilnadu have origins in Andhra, let alone racial mixing in the past.
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Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 20, 2024
Tamils are all not of same lineage but of predominantly Dravidian lineage but even this differs from caste to caste. The original Indus Valley Dravidian element is more predominant amongst the upper Tamil castes, which has more the Iranian Neolithic farmer element 65% -98%, however amongst the lower castes and tribals this element goes down to 25% and the Ancient Ancestral South Indian element predominates around 75% and amongst some tribals like the Panniya it is almost 100%. Many upper caste Tamils also have around 8-10% Steppe Aryan DNA. Most probably much higher amongst the Tamil Brahmins. Only around 10% of the Tamils in Tamil Nadu have a Telugu origin, The Naicker, Reddy and Rajus. 30% is much exaggerated mostly Telugu extremists want to say this but completely ignore the fact that many important Telugu castes like the Velama have Tamil origin.
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Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 20, 2024
They are Vellalar’s who settled in Telugu lands and they more or less genetically the same. Telugus, Tamils, Kannadigas and Malayali are all Dravidians with some slight regional variations, so this is a minor point. However, unlike the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Muslims who claim all sorts of origins and ancestry but deny their predominant Dravidian, especially Tamil Dravidian heritage, Tamils do not do this. Other than a very small minority of them most of them openly acknowledge who they really are and their actual ancestry. Be it Dravidian, Australoid, Indo Aryan or mixture of everything. Tamil people unlike many other South Asians are very comfortable with who they actually are and even with their generally dark skin. It may be because of their rich ancient language and heritage. they do not have to pretend to be something else. All south Asians even the Pashtuns are mixture of all these three people, but the proportion varies with ethnicity, region and caste.
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SJ / June 21, 2024
“Tamils are all not of same lineage”
Thank you for that.
I said no more.
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Pandi Kutti / June 21, 2024
SJ Thaatha Thamizh may have different closely related lineages but Chingkallam are largely descended from these Thamizh of closely related lineage. Say no more. Other than that how are you? I am fine but my boyfriend is in hospital, met with a serious accident and they may have amputate his lower right leg. So very busy at the hospital and going to university
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Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 21, 2024
PK sorry to hear about your Boyfriend and hope everything turns out well and his lower leg can be saved. I will remember you in my prayers. Best of luck.
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LankaScot / June 21, 2024
Hello Pandi Kutti,
Sorry to hear about your boyfriend, must be a very stressful time for both of you. I had a pretty serious knee injury and was afraid that I wouldn’t be able to walk properly.But the Surgeon did a great job and had me walking properly after Physio within a couple of months. I am sure that with your and his family’s support he will cope whatever the outcome.
Best regards
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Pandi Kutti / June 22, 2024
Thankyou Siva Sankaran and Lanka Scot Mammas much appreciated. Bye for now.
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SJ / June 22, 2024
Piglet
Read something sensible about how languages are classified before regurgitating nonsense.
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SJ / June 22, 2024
Piglet, what has your private life to do with me?
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LankaScot / June 21, 2024
Hello Siva Sankaran Sharma,
Is “Tamil” used as an indicator of Ethnic Origin, or to designate the language spoken by Ancient peoples. If both how do we differentiate?
There are very few Ancient DNA investigations on Human remains from the IVC. This one from Rakhigarhi is of a woman (RGR7.3, BR-01, HS-02) and compared with other known Ancient DNA from the same period –
https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30967-5?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867419309675%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
“The individual we sequenced fits as a mixture of people related to ancient Iranians (the largest component) and Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers, a unique profile that matches ancient DNA from 11 genetic outliers from sites in Iran and Turkmenistan in cultural communication with the IVC”.
Best regards
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chiv / June 19, 2024
If interested read article on DM, “Is SriLankan Buddhism( SB ) under threat ?? by Geewananda Gunawardana. Following discussion about Buddhism and Dhamma, author presented a table comparing Lanka with other countries on quality of life index , purchasing price index, safety index, health care index, cost of living index, property price to income ratio, traffic commute time, pollution index and climate index. Overall ranking Lanka is 83, Bangladesh 84 and Nigeria 85. The author questions , is SriLankan society functional one, where people live in harmony according to true Buddhist ideals ?? In Lanka wealthiest 1 % receive almost one third of country’s income, while bottom 50 % receive less than 4 %, as a result more than 25 % population living in poverty, more than one third children are malnourished and stunted, 90 % women reported being sexually harassed at least once in their life time, 25 % endured physical and/or sexual violence, 78 % children in their late adolescence reported sexual harassment . Overall Lanka is ranked as , one of the most corrupted country 115 / 180 and QUALITY OF LIFE is rated 83 out of 85 countries surveyed. Sorry , Stupid , Silly Lanka.
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chiv / June 19, 2024
Sorry not DM, see today’s “The Island online”.
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Native Vedda / June 19, 2024
chiv
–
“Is Sri Lankan Buddhism under threat?”
–
Yes it is indeed under severe threat by Sinhala/Buddhists.
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Lester / June 22, 2024
“Overall Lanka is ranked as , one of the most corrupted country 115 / 180 and QUALITY OF LIFE is rated 83”
And this comes from a guy who used his parental lineage to get “reservation status” for an Indian medical school, essentially cheating a higher-caste Brahmin out of his place.
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Native Vedda / June 19, 2024
chiv
–
Are the politicians ever serious about anything at all, except their benefits and privileges?
–
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Lester / June 18, 2024
Native,
“You miserable lot haven’t learned anything from your past mistakes.”
You are right. Instead of rehabilitating 10K LTTE cadres with zero prison time, Gotha should have followed the Rwanda policy of UK.
“You should stop being a statistician, engineer, environmentalist, linguist, historian, …. medicine man”
You have been losing for decades. Lifelong loser?
“Just weeks after the LTTE’s leaders in Sri Lanka were defeated in that country, the leader of the LTTE in the United States and other LTTE supporters have been brought to justice,” said United States Attorney Campbell. “The defendants were convicted for their involvement in efforts to raise millions of dollars and acquire arms and technology for use by the LTTE.”
https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nye/pr/2009/2009jun09.html
Ask Rudrakumaran for a refund of your donation.
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nimal fernando / June 20, 2024
Dunno what the infatuation with DNA analyses is ……. whatever the outcome, most look like little devils …….. let’s face it …… as a group of people marooned on a small island, good-looks aren’t our greatest attribute: to put it mildly!
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For the life of me …… I cant figure out a Lankan Dravidian from a Lankan Aryan: they look the same. Runners up to bloody Lucifer. Then again, beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. From where Lucifer is from ….. they might have different tastes.
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nimal fernando / June 20, 2024
cont,
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For all I know, there are more Anglos than Aryans in Lanka …….. wonder where they landed from.
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Does the Bandarawela-Man predates the Neanderthal?
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Everything about the Neanderthal Man’s DNA constituency is out in the open ……. not all the crap about his ID card no. address and other nonsense.
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Time for Bandarawela-Man to finally publish something useful about himself!
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And stop bothering others.
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LankaScot / June 20, 2024
Hello Nimal,
Check at the back of your skull on the base to see if you can feel a bump. Quite a few Europeans have this bump (I also have it). This is a feature of Neanderthal DNA. Neanderthals had bigger brains and were much stronger than Homo Sapiens. Before they died out, 30,000 years or so ago, there was some interbreeding. Europe was apparently their last refuge hence Europeans having some Neanderthal DNA (about 2 or 3 %). One of my ex-Military friends suggested this was why the Celts were such good fighters. I read about the Roman Emperor Augustus repeatedly bashing his head on the wall shouting “give me back my Legions, Varus” after losing three of them to the Celtic/Germanic Leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. I visited the Statue to Arminius (it’s huge) near Detmold back in 2010. Leelagemalli may have visited it on his travels.
Best regards
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Ruchira / June 21, 2024
“Neanderthals had bigger brains and were much stronger than Homo Sapiens.”
.
Neanderthals may have been physically stronger but they were strategically weaker and this was reflected in their weapons and is considered a mojor cause for their ultimate demise.
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LankaScot / June 21, 2024
Hello Ruchira,
Professor Chris Stringer has a new theory, he thinks that the problem was sex. He suggests that Neanderthal men bred successfully with Modern Human women and led to their own demise.
https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/october/neanderthal-extinction-maybe-caused-sex-not-fighting.html
Maybe Modern Human women were better looking than their Neanderthal counterparts.
Best reagards
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Ruchira / June 22, 2024
Oh! Thx. That’s a new one indeed. I’m sure they were, though i do not know any Neanderthals to compare to be certain. Except perhaps old wiggy and Sankaralingam and few others that comment here…🤣🤣🤣🤣
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chiv / June 22, 2024
LS, you mean no one messes with modern human women ( strategy gone wrong). Anyway, I do remember studying in Zoology class , what Ruchira mentioned here. ” physically stronger but strategically weaker.
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LankaScot / June 22, 2024
Hello Chiv,
“” physically stronger but strategically weaker.” Are you sure that the Zoology Lecturer wasn’t a woman and was referring to ALL men, compared to women?
Best regards
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Ruchira / June 22, 2024
Strategic weakness was shown in their weapons. For example N had weapons with short handles. So they had to get closer to an animal to hunt it down where as S had weapons with long handles. They could attack the animal from a distant. Therefore less likely to be harmed by the animal. This gave them a comparative survival dvantage over N. Besides S had more projectile weapons lile spears I think. So their weaponry was steategicallly superior. Same logic applies today. Those who have more long distant missiles are strategically superior to those that don’t militarily speaking. That gives them power over others. Competitive advantage.
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chiv / June 20, 2024
A bizarre mutation where Aryans are bankrupt and have nothing to show other than their genetic makeup. Wonder, what Aryans living worldwide think about bankrupt Aryans???
/
Ruchira / June 21, 2024
Sri Lankans are banckrupt Aryans are not.
/
Fairmindedone / June 19, 2024
Well, hope you would recollect that first arrival from Odhissa (?), just north of Andhra, got down Tamil brides from the Pandian Kingdom for marriage of his 700-men entourage as Jaffna wouldn’t part with their daughters then. Matrilineal genes are there to see in the nth generation.
/
Nathan / June 18, 2024
… thanks to the JVP, the merger of the North and East was done away with, through the Supreme Court.
Justice C.V. Wigneswaran, You are the right person to ask.
Couldn’t you have challenged the ruling when the Supreme Court annulled the merger.
/
shankar / June 18, 2024
he wasn’t n politics at that time nathan and also it did not come to his desk as a judge.
/
Native Vedda / June 18, 2024
Nathan
–
“Couldn’t you have challenged the ruling when the Supreme Court annulled the merger.”
–
Please refer to the published judgement of the case on
https://cryptlk.wordpress.com/2006/10/18/judgement-on-north-east-demerger/
–
The case was one sided and it was presided by Sarath N. Silva., C.J (you know him well. Later he regretted his verdict, decision to demerge North East).
Please also note K. Kanag-Iswaran, P.C, with M.A. Sumanthiran and L. Jeyakumar for Intervenient Petitioners.
–
/
SJ / June 18, 2024
In fairness to CVW, neither you nor he can challenge a Supreme Court verdict.
/
SJ / June 18, 2024
His nonsensical utterances on history, language, archaeology etc. destroys the worth of whatever little that is sensible in what he says.
/
Fairmindedone / June 19, 2024
Well, hope you would recollect that first arrival from Odhissa (?), just north of Andhra, got down Tamil brides from the Pandian Kingdom for marriage of his 700-men entourage as Jaffna wouldn’t part with their daughters then. Matrilineal genes are there to see in the nth generation.
/
SJ / June 22, 2024
Who was in Jaffna at the time? No records of a royalty there.
/
LankaScot / June 20, 2024
Hello SJ,
After reading CVW’s article, is it my imagination or do the Tamils in general (apart from you and a few others) believe that the whole world is of Tamil/Dravidian descent? Sounds like the RSS “Out of India” philosophy has penetrated deep into South India and Sri Lanka.
Best regards
/
SJ / June 21, 2024
LS
It is a parallel process.
There are jokers who want the world to believe that Tamil is older than any other language (if not all certainly Sanskrit); that is is the purest language on earth; that almost all languages or at least all their words have a Tamil origin.
This is the result of a millennium long humiliation by rulers who gave pride of place to Sanskrit (including some great Tamil rulers), and the long-standing (but inaccurate) claim that all Indian languages were born of Sanskrit.
*
When two British scholars established that Tamil belonged to another old family of languages, it set off a tidal wave of Tamil linguistic nationalism— an illness that still affects a sizeable section of the elite.
Amid all this humbug, Tamil is stagnant but for a few reforms in grammar. It suffers fa worse diglossia than any other Indian language.Tamil scholars reject the spoken language as foul and, as a result, a modern standard language is yet to emerge (unlike in the case of Sinhala and Malayalam, which have modernised considerably from early 20th Century.)
*
The racial myth is a corollary to the linguistic myth and also a reaction to the resentment of being not rulers in any country and being oppressed too.
Call it inferiority complex if you like.
/
Rohan25 / June 21, 2024
Most probably it is you who is letting your imagination run riot. High on Ganja. Is the Ayammah whom you met and married in the Gulf feeding you with Mahavamsa fairy tales? Stating the truth about the actual predominant Dravidian origin of most of South Asia, irrespective of region, ethnicity and language spoken and the predominant and overwhelming Tamil Dravidian origin of the Sinhalese, is not imagining the whole world is of Dravidian descent or Tamil is the mother of all languages. No Tamil ever stated or commented like this. Only Sinhalese extremists, self-hating Tamils with an agenda and their supporters like with white ex colonial debunked Aryan supremacist idea keep on stating it. Go to any Sinhalese extremist site and you can see Sinhalese racist commenting in the same manner, and many do it here and most probably you are also one of them and that shameless self-hating Tamil with an agenda will do anything to damn his people. No Tamil commented that all the world is of Dravidian descent so stop posting rubbish, however most of South Asian and the Sinhalese and the Sri Lankan Muslims are of Dravidian descent, and this is the truth and modern DNA has proven this, therefore there is nothing wrong in stating the truth.
/
Rohan25 / June 21, 2024
Tamil is not the oldest language in the world but may be the 7-10 oldest language in the world. When I say language what linguists mean a fully developed language not a just a spoken dialect. However, Tamil is definitely now the oldest continuous living language in the world. What was written around 2000 years ago still can be understood largely by a modern Tamil, which cannot be said for many other languages. There is a continuity.
/
old codger / June 21, 2024
R25,
“Is the Ayammah whom you met and married in the Gulf…..”
If you don’t have arguments, it is better to keep quiet rather than descend to this level. If you want Tamils to be seen as more civilised than Sinhala Buddhists, this is not the way to do it. Otherwise, what is the difference between you and people like Lester?
/
Pandi Kutti / June 22, 2024
I agree OC Mamma, that was very snobbish and should not have descended to that level, however much provoked, like my Jester kunju , Sevenson and Deepthi. Even if she was so what? There is dignity of labour and she had gone there to make a living and earn money honestly. Sometimes I work as a shop assistant to get extra pocket money. Someone may call me a lowly shop assistant. I have been insulted in this manner by my boyfriend’s Punjabi aunties, lowly Sri Lankan Tamil Christian woman, who works as a shop assistant. Bye for now.
/
chiv / June 22, 2024
Rohan25, I do agree with OC on this. Of course LS made a generalized / stereotyped statement. You are free, to confront without getting personal.
/
SJ / June 22, 2024
“High on Ganja.”
Personal experience?
Please kick the habit!
/
Lester / June 21, 2024
LankaScot,
“do the Tamils in general (apart from you and a few others) believe that the whole world is of Tamil/Dravidian descent? “
You have the hit the nail on the head. The fake freedom struggle was not the result of discrimination from the majority community, but stemmed from DMK racist ideology. The proof is very simple: the Tamils tried the same thing in India. Demanded a separate country, refused to acknowledge Hindi as the national language, claimed that all Dravidians are Tamils, etc.
https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/history-anti-hindi-imposition-movements-tamil-nadu-102983
/
Ruchira / June 22, 2024
LS – Akhand Bharat at work
/
Tony / June 18, 2024
What a load of lies!!!
/
There are no ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka. The so colled Tamils are actually Dutch and British brought Malabari plantation slaves and kallathonis from Kerala coast.
/
It was Sinhalese who gave the Malabaris Tamil identity, because Tamil Nadu is the nearest Indian state to Sri Lanka. Tamil ethnic identity was officially coined in 1910.
/
Dutugemenu was a full blooded Sinhala Buddhist.
/
The DNA tests which Wiggy mentions are “bogus”.
/
As lawyer you should know that the 13th amendment and Indo-Lanka accord are illegal. India threatened
traitor JR to sign the accord. Nothing is valid or legal which has been signed under duress. And the reason why India is threatening Sri Lanka is because Tamils are their people.
/
tbc
/
Native Vedda / June 18, 2024
Tony
–
“The so colled Tamils are actually Dutch and British brought Malabari plantation slaves and kallathonis from Kerala coast.”
–
Over a period of several centuries most of them have converted to Sinhala/Buddhism and call themselves Silvas, Soysas, Seneviratnes, Nayakas, Sekeras, Mahindas, Gotas, Gunadasas, ……. An-Tonies, …..
So what is your problem?
–
“The DNA tests which Wiggy mentions are “bogus”.
–
You maybe right.
Therefore you should urge/persuade Dr Channa Jeyasumana, Dr Mervyn Silva PhD, Dr Gotabhaya Rajapaksa DSc, Dr Gunadasa Amarasekara, Shenali Waduge, …… to perform fresh research on Sri Lankan genetics and write a new report the way you want at the end.
/
Dr. Gnana Sankaralingam / June 18, 2024
Three genetic studies were done in the last 20 years – first by Colombo medical faculty, second by Kelaniya science faculty and recently by Colombo science faculty which are on the internet. So anyone who says different is a bigot. Several hallmarks of Dravidian civilisation such as urn burials and black and red pottery have been unearthed in various parts of the island carbon dated to be over 4000 years old. Recent attempt by prof. Raj Somadeva supported and financed by Sinhala businessmen to prove Sinhalese descended from Veddhas had been an utter failure as it came to light in the caves in Kumana and Medagama that Veddhas came under Tamil Influence. Problem is the narrative in Mahavamsa which has distorted the truth brainwashing the Sinhalese with falsehood.
/
Dr. Gnana Sankaralingam / June 18, 2024
If Indo Lanka accord is illegal so are Sirima-Shastri agreement and Kachatheevu agreement which were forced on people of Tamil Nadu.
/
Ruchira / June 20, 2024
Please quote the any such genetic study done that support your claims.
.
Here’s one that refutes it, for a start:
.
“Further, the genetic distances observed among the Sri Lankans and other nationalities in the world visualized in the MDS plot render evidence to the ancient linguistic origin of Sri Lankan ethnicities—Indo-Aryan origin of Sinhalese and Dravidian origin of Tamil populations—which had been later affected to various degrees through genetic admixing between them.”
.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92314-9
.
Here are the researchers, you may contact any of them if you disagree with their findings and claims:
.
“The research team comprises Dr. Gayani Galhena from the Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Mr. Nandika Perera, Genetech Molecular Diagnostics, Colombo, and Prof. Gaya Ranawaka from the Department of Zoology, Open University of Sri Lanka.”
.
Alternatively you could take up the matter with nature for publishing fake studies if that’s what you think it is.
.
TY
/
leelagemalli / June 20, 2024
NV,
“Dr Channa Jeyasumana, Dr Mervyn Silva PhD, Dr Gotabhaya Rajapaksa DSc, Dr Gunadasa Amarasekara, Shenali Waduge, …… to perform fresh research on Sri Lankan genetics and write a new report the way you want at the end’.
.
Allvthe above mentioned candidates have much in common.:
Sinhala buddhism/racism [not buddhism based on non- violence], sinhala extremism , doctoral supervisor being Medamulana Beast aka Mahendra Persy Rajapaksa [known as Mahinda]…
.
🤔🤔🤔🤔🤔
/
leelagemalli / June 19, 2024
Tony the barking dog is back in his mode. Clowns should study the facts better and try to clear your doubts.
As far as we know both have left India to live in their own country. It is an indisputable fact. So why waste time hanging on to it?
The former judge also adds fuel to the fire as usual. I think both groups should follow European leaders in making every effort not to abuse their foul mouths against any kind of verbal attacks.
–
wigie is back in his hater mode and reminds of the fire buried under the ashes. Who became the first to live in the island is not interesting. What matters is how we should move forward as “srilankens”.
Besides, such provocations can only widen the gap between communities and create new divisions. I thought Wiggie would walk his talk once he was empowered to do the job. What became clear was, even allocated funds to north was not well used for the benefit of the suffering destitute. THat is why the poverty increased rapidly in North and east all these years.
/
Fairmindedone / June 19, 2024
His kids are married to Sinhalese and you think of what you are thinking. Truth always hurts, if it varies from the stories that one hears for generations.
/
leelagemalli / June 19, 2024
Tony and Wiggy hatred is the same coin with two sides. Extreme North and Extreme South. When these people are gone, this nation can think about eternal peace.
That is what I have heard from some progressive young people in recent days.
/
Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 19, 2024
Rubbish. Look at all the pure Tamil. Pandian Tamil family names amongst a lot of Sinhalese, from low to aristocratic, others to hide their Tamil origin like the Kandyan Radala taken place names and most of the Karawa, Salagama, Durawa and other recent South Indian origin castes use Portuguese names like Tony to hide their recent Tamil origin. Sinhalese keep on harping about a mythical fairy tale prince from somewhere in northern India arriving with 500 of his companions to the island and then marrying Pandian Tamil women, to establish the Sinhalese people but there is no record of such a prince or his companions fleeing any part of India, north or south. Even if this was true as per this Mahavamsa fairy tale the Sinhalese are half Tamil from the very inception, then what about all the people who were already living on the island the Vedda, the low, proto and proper Tamil speaking Naga, Yaka and other Dravidian tribes who arrived much earlier from Southern India? They never vanished, the five hundred men and their 500 Pandian Tamil wives fairy tale, just like the movie Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, or something similar, would have been a drop in the ocean and would have hardly made any dent in the DNA of the island’s already existing Dravidian Tamil population and remember even these 500 so called men from North India had 500 Tamil wives, and started to live in an ocean of Tamil Dravidians .
/
Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 19, 2024
There was a one-off immigration of men from somewhere in Northwest India around 2500-2600 years ago, however they never triggered the evolution of the Sinhalese language or the people, they came and got assimilated into the local population and their genetic imprint on the island’s population is minimal and is found both amongst the island’s Sinhalese and Tamils, not just the Sinhalese only proving they never triggered anything. Most probably it is this one-off migration of men from somewhere from Northwest India that created the Prince Vijaya myth. Other than this one-off migration of these people from North India all other migration to the island was from the South of India from prehistoric to recent times. Constantly talking about mythical Prince Vijaya and his 500 companions, and their Tamil wives, what about the 12000 Chola prisoners who was captured and brought into the island by Pandian origin king GajaBahu and settled in places like Harispattuwa? Their numbers far exceed the 500 men and 500 wives and what happened to all their descendants?
/
Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 19, 2024
The descendants of these 12000 Chola Tamil men who arrived here more than a 1900 years ago, now must be amounting to millions of Sinhalese Buddhists. Just imagine the number of immigrants who arrived over the past two thousand years from the then ancient Tamil country in South India and settled down and have got assimilated into the Sinhalese and Eelam Tamil identity. Like Justice Wigneswaran stated it was not migration from North India that created the Sinhalese people and language but the arrival of Buddhism and the Pali and Prakrit languages that came with it and the large scale or mass conversion of the Dravidian Tamil Naga and Yaka populations down the south of the island to Buddhism and their language gradually getting corrupted with the Pali/Prakrit languages that arrived with Buddhism that gradually created the Sinhalese people from the converted southern Tamil Buddhists by 7AD. This video is in Tamil but is more or less accurate as to what happened. I know I am now going to cop abuse and flak, especially from a self-hating Tamil.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UE_fFzSE8Sk
/
old codger / June 20, 2024
“There are no ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka. “
Are there any “ethnic Sinhalese “?
/
Lanka Canuck / June 21, 2024
KallaTony,
The so called ‘Hela’ in Prakrit/Sinhala language is nothing but the early Dravidian tribes known in Tamil language as ILA/Eela tribes of ILam/Eelam. Lanka was originally the country of the Veddas and the Dravidian Tamils known as Eela tribes (not Hela). It was invaded by Kallathoni Vijay and his men who came in a boat from India (note that Kallathoni is a Tamil word for illegal immigrants from India).
In the 16th century, the Portuguese and in the 18th century, the Dutch who occupied the island brought in tens of thousands of low caste (Dalit) people from South India (mainly from Cochin/Kochi in the Malabar coast of Kerala and from Tutucorin/Thootukudy in the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu) and settled them in the Southern parts of the island from Puttalama up to Matara for growing/peeling cinnamon, for fishing/pearl diving, and for coconut planting and toddy tapping. Within a few centuries, the Sinhala population in the island increased tenfold when these people assimilated with the local Sinhala population by adopting the Sinhala language/culture and the Buddhist/Christian religion and getting converted to Sinhala Buddhists and Sinhala Catholics.
So Tony, since your great grandfather may not be alive to tell you from which Dalit village in South India your ancestors came to SL and got converted into Sinhala-Buddhists but if you check your DNA, it will definitely match the South Indians.
Continued…
/
Lanka Canuck / June 21, 2024
KallaTony,
Unfortunately for the Sinhalyas, thousands of Prakrit stone inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka during the early period, but not single archaeological/epigraphical evidence has been found within or outside Sri Lanka to prove the existence of a Sinhala Kingdom or a Sinhala king or a Sinhala nation. Even the Pali chronicles Dipavansa/Mahavansa doesn’t mention anything about a Sinhala king. Can you show us evidence to prove that Dutugemenu was a full-blooded Sinhala king?
There were several articles written by Dr. Ruwandi Ranasinghe, a senior scientist at the University of Colombo regarding the DNA tests and genetic studies says that the latest findings suggest a close genetic affinity of Sinhalese with Sri Lankan Tamils, irrespective of their cultural differences.
There were several Indo-Lanka accords right from DSS time. Handing over Kachatheevu to Sri Lanka was also one of them. None of them were considered illegal by both countries. If you Singalese deprive the Tamil rights, then signing under duress is the only option which is legal and valid.
People like Wiggy should get in involved with the RSS and establish one of their branches in the North and East. RSS is the shortcut to get in touch with the BJP and to approach Modi. Indian interference is a must to solve the ethnic issue in Sri Lanka.
/
Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 21, 2024
All the ancient inscriptions found on the island are either in Prakrit or in Tamil and nothing in Sinhalese. There are more Prakrit inscriptions than Tamil, the reason for this is that these inscriptions are closely associated with Buddhism. Prakrit during ancient times was the Sassana language of Buddhism and Pali was the literary language of Buddhism and this Prakrit as Pali was also used by the ancient Buddhists in India, including the ancient Tamil Buddhists in South India and on the island, in fact many
/
Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 21, 2024
Ancient Buddhist Tamil scholars and monks preferred to use and used Prakrit and Pali, as the languages of literary writings, instead of Tamil. There are lots of evidence to this Later they increasingly stopped using these two languages and increasingly started to use Tamil as the language of Buddha Sasana and Buddhist literature. There is evidence of this in ancient Rasa Rasa Perum Pali in Velikamam in Trincomalee. This created a difference and schism between the island’s ancient Tamil and Sinhalese Buddhists as the Sinhalese Buddhists still used Prakrit and Pali, and were all Theravada Buddhists, whereas the ancient Tamil Buddhists increasingly stopped using Prakrit and Pali both in India and on the island and increasingly started to use only Tamil as the Sasana and literary language of Buddhism. Moreover, unlike the Sinhalese, they were also a mixture of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhists, as evidenced by many ancient Buddhist sites in the north and east of the island, which belong to the Mahayana sect, that strangely the so called fake Archeological department and fake Sinhalese historians and the Sri Lankan state is now claiming that they were ancient Sinhalese Buddhist sites, when there is no recorded history of any Sinhalese living there and the Sinhalese never belonged to the Mahayana Buddhist sect.
/
shankar / June 18, 2024
whether the sinhalese are fromsouth india is immaterial.What is material here is they are 75% of the population and we are only 11%.how the hell dd we shrink like this while the sinhalese populated so fast.Is it because of the dry arid northeast while abundant food in the fertile land and rivers in south? Unfortunately due to our size we have to go through a lot of shit.Same happns to sinhalese when they go abroad and they start to whinge about discrimination.All over the world majority bullies minorities.
/
Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 19, 2024
Shankar what you state is largely correct, and I agree with you however the truth has to be told and not fairy tales and myths, deliberately told by politicians and elite to divide and rule, E.g. Sinhalese are truly indigenous, and others are not. They are Aryans and the Sri Lankan Muslims or Moors are Arabs, when in reality both people are of predominantly and overwhelmingly of Tamil Dravidian origin and the so called Aryan and Arab element amongst them is minimal but has now for political and economic reasons, has been blown out of proportion, and become the blanket ancestry for both people completely ignoring their predominant overwhelming Tamil Dravidian ancestry. Just because you are now 11% due to structural genocide that was committed by the Sinhalese Sri Lankan state or 16% if you count all the Tamils on the island, does not mean you have to be discriminated, marginalized, ethnically cleansed, war crimes committed on you by the state and the Sinhalese majority, your language history, heritage and culture denied or stolen by the Sri Lankan state and rewritten as Sinhalese.
/
Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 19, 2024
No other civilized nation does this. 11%- 16% is still a large percentage and if you count the percentage of Tamil speaking Muslims it will be around 25% out which 11% of them have an ancient history and had a homeland for over 3000 years, the 9% Tamil Muslims have been here from around the late 12Th century and the 5% Indian origin Tamils for around 200 years. They do not deserve to be treated in this manner by the Sinhalese led Sri Lankan state, especially when half the so-called Sinhalese population are largely descended from post 15Th century immigrants from South India now taking European names like Tony, Lester and calling themselves truly indigenous.
/
shankar / June 19, 2024
SSS
from what you say there are only 2 options left
1.all tamil speaking people have to become one people.Then it is 25%.unrealistic
2.sri lnkan tamils who are only 11% have to give tamil nationalistic politics.Instead of ethnic based politice we should adopt sri lankan identity politics.Realistic
ps.That does not mean we ditch the policy of stating over and over again that the sinhalese got their independence from the british but we did not get the independence for the jaffna kingdom that existed when we got colonised.
However we take into consideration the realistic situation where the tamilnadu chola and pandya kingdoms are now not indepndent anymore but are part of a greater entity called india sewed together by the thread of devolution.therefore we will accept the same arrangement as tamilnadu with india,where the area that comprised the jaffna kingdom when the portuguese colonised it is amalgamated with the kandyan,kotte kingdoms subsequently called ceylon and then sri lanka.
/
shankar / June 19, 2024
cont
should have been “give up” tamil nationalistic politics,not “give” as mentioned.
/
shankar / June 18, 2024
i am wondering when we are a small minority of 15% only whther it is wise to put out a tamil candidate just to spoil the chances of the sinhala candidates.Just tell the tamils to vote for whoever of the sinhala candidates they prefer and if they dont like any of them then dont vote at all.let us stop all this ethnic and tamil nationalist policies then only the sinhalese will also stop theirs.Racism and nationalism is the last refuge of scoundrels.Just think of everyone as one human race.
/
Liger / June 18, 2024
No, you dont represent a ‘distinct nation’ you utter racial segregationist.
You’re just the ottomans trying to recolonize greece.
/
Native Vedda / June 18, 2024
Liger
–
“No, you dont represent a ‘distinct nation’ you utter racial segregationist”
–
Yu mean Sri Lanka is just an extension of Hindia?
/
Liger / June 19, 2024
You are one of those 1+1=3 folks arent you?
/
Ruchira / June 20, 2024
Liger –
.
He is one of the USD 4B – 14% folks…! 🙄
/
Liger / June 21, 2024
Ruchira –
Ha! Doesnt surprise me in the least!
/
NativeVedda1000 / June 22, 2024
Liger
–
“You are one of those 1+1=3 folks arent you?”
–
Dumbo 1 + 1 = 3 is known to the organisation theorists as synergy.
Go check your Mahawamsa if you need any proof.
/
Ajith / June 18, 2024
RW is a senior UNP with his uncle JRJ. 13th amendment was forced on Tamils and Sinhalese by Rajiv Gandhi. On the same day JR signed the agreement, JRJ also arranged a murderer to kill Rajiv. But it failed. Chandrika made a proposal during her presidency. She did not want to implement it in full but his proposal was opposed by Ranil. In 2015, Tamils gave their support to Ranil and Sirisena. They did not implement 13th amendment in Full. They made a Constitutional proposal but now no one talk about it.
There is no point in promises and tamils should not give support any presidents until all the Sinhalese parties unite to find a solution which cannot be amended by the Central government without majority of the Tamils.
/
AYATHURAY RAJASINGAM / June 18, 2024
Ajith,
It was R.Premadasa who arranged the Naval Rating to assault or kill Rajiv Gandhi. Earlier one Mahendran was in the position of Wijemuni Vijitha Rohana de Silva. But Mahendran was removed and replaced by Wijemuni Vijitha Rohana de Silva in the Navy to assault Rajiv Gandhi during the Guard of Honour. Apparently Wijemuni Vijitha Rohana de Silva was given Rs.25,000/= for this purpose. No sooner Wijemuni Vijitha Rohana de Silva was found guilty, arrangements were made in the Welikade Prison to provide a room with 5 star facilities. J.R.Jayawardene only shouted “Sun Stroke, Sun Stroke”. Minister in Attendance was Gamini Dissanayake and R.Premadasa was ignored. I was at the Court Martial at Welisara Navy Head Quarters for 10 days when the hearing of the assault on Rajiv Gandhi took place. Mention should be made that Anton Balasingam also had a secret meeting with Premadasa. As for the 13th Amendment Sri Lanka was trapped. Only way to escape is to implement the 13th Amendment which speaks of G.Parthasarathy’s great diplomacy.
/
Dr. Gnana Sankaralingam / June 18, 2024
Other than a handful of Sinhalese, the rest are not willing to share land or power with Tamils. Any Sinhala politician who says that he will implement 13th amendment in full or settle Tamil demands through a new constitution is a liar. Similarly any Tamil politician who says that he will talk to Sinhalese and win the legitimate rights of Tamils is also a liar. Tamils are in this sorry state due to Prabaharan, who was told by Tamil civil society to accept the accord and work with India to improve on it. Instead of joining hands with India and taking on Srilanka, he joined with Premadasa to attack IPKF purely for his selfish reasons ending up disastrously. Prabaharan did not understand that Provincial council together with presence of IPKF on the ground securing the borders amounted to de-facto Ealam. Indo-Lanka accord is the only international document which specifies that north and east are lands of historic habitation of Tamil speaking people. Tamils have to create a situation for Indian military intervention to enforce the solution to allow Tamils to live with dignity and safety.
/
LankaScot / June 22, 2024
Hello Doctor,
” Tamils have to create a situation for Indian military intervention to enforce the solution to allow Tamils to live with dignity and safety”.
That is call for the overthrow of SriLanka by a foreign Country. Are you sure this is what you mean?
Best regards
/
Ruchira / June 22, 2024
“That is call for the overthrow of SriLanka by a foreign Country. Are you sure this is what you mean?”
.
Yes. That’s what they hope would happen. Basically they want Sri Lanka to fail. So India could walk in. I’m surprised why SIS and DMI aren’t on his trail. May they have been bought over too…
/
Ajith / June 18, 2024
Ayathuray,
A good story. It is the work of UNP. You may come up now with another story that Easter Bomb was master mind by Batalanda Ranil.
According to you UNP was arranged the murder attempt of Rajiv Gandhi. Jaffna Library was burnt by UNP. Black July 1983 was by UNP.
/
AYATHURAY RAJASINGAM / June 19, 2024
Ajith,
It is not a story. I was watching the interests of Rajiv Gandhi at the Court Martial. I know what really happened. Moreover, I know the culprit who was instrumental for the burning of the Jaffna Public library. Ranil has nothing to do with Easter Bomb. It was Maithiripala Srisena. No idea about Batalanda though there were rumours. I know Ranil personally who has many Tamil friends. I do not like to comment about Black July 1983. All have contributed. JR also should not have made the statement in military uniform thus demonstrating that he has was not a Statesman.
/
SJ / June 23, 2024
“I was watching the interests of Rajiv Gandhi at the Court Martial. I know what really happened.”
Watching on whose behest?
You know b*****all.
/
SJ / June 19, 2024
“It was R.Premadasa who arranged the Naval Rating to assault or kill Rajiv Gandhi. “
As usual, you have offered no evidence.
/
AYATHURAY RAJASINGAM / June 20, 2024
SJ,
It is better for you to go through the proceedings which took place at the Court Martial.
/
SJ / June 22, 2024
“Please cite a single utterance that supports your fibs”
/
shankar / June 18, 2024
ajith
13th amendment was forced on the LTTE,not the tamils.Even now we should take it.
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Ajith / June 19, 2024
Shankar,
13th amendment was a part on the Indo-Lanka agreement signed by Rajiv and JRJ.
13th amendment is for all provinces of Sri Lanka.Where is Tamils or Sinhalese in this agreement ?
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SJ / June 19, 2024
“13th amendment was a part on the Indo-Lanka agreement “
Was it really?
Then, how come that the country ended up with 8 Provincial Councils?
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AYATHURAY RAJASINGAM / June 20, 2024
SJ,
13th Amendment is a bi-product of the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord and now a part of the Constitution of Sri Lanka. When the Northern and Eastern Provinces were amalgamated, nine Provinces were reduced to eight Provinces. Later Mahinda Rajapaksa handled it clumsily and made it worse. Rest is history.
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SJ / June 22, 2024
Answer me: “…how come that the country ended up with 8 Provincial Councils?
*
I did not talk of provinces, they remained nine.s your fibs”
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SJ / June 22, 2024
Give just one citation to support your fibs.
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shankar / June 19, 2024
ajith
a bird in hand is worth 2 in the bush.
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SJ / June 19, 2024
The Tamils were and still are a gullible lot!
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Lanka Canuck / June 20, 2024
It is pointless negotiating with the Sinhala politicians. They can only promise but they will never be allowed by the Buddhist monks. Right from the B-C pact till today, even if the Sinhala politicians want to give, the Buddhist monks will oppose it. For the past 65 odd years, the Sinhalese politicians came up with several pacts and promises but finally gave nothing to the Tamils other than breaking their promises, cheating the Tamils, and unleashing violence on their non-violent/peaceful campaigns. Neither Sajith nor Ranil or Anura can solve the ethnic issue even if they promise it is beyond their control, they will be helpless in front of the Buddhist monks. In order to find a political solution for the Tamils in Sri Lanka, a powerful country like India, the US or at least the UN should get involved. Without foreign Intervention, nothing will happen.
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Siva Sankaran Sharma / June 21, 2024
LC, PK and AR sorry to say nothing will happen as both India and Sri Lanka are fully aware of the disunity and opportunism amongst the current Tamil politicians and are using this disunity to their advantage. Recently even the USA ambassador stated the same thing when she went to Jaffna and met three senior members of the TNA, instead of speaking in one voice and demanding the same thing, each person is contradicting the other and demanding something else, until even she stated if you are not united and asking for different things and contradicting each other how can we help you and the same thing happened when the met the Indian externa affairs minister, all fighting with each other and demanding different things and one pro government Tamil politician even stating we do not want Sec 13a but a unitary form of government. This must have been music to Jaishankar. The opportunistic egocentric Tamil politicians and elite are the biggest enemies to the Tamil people from the time of independence. India and Sri Lanka and Modi/BJP., DMK/ADMK Congress and everyone are taking us for a ride to your useless politicians
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AYATHURAY RAJASINGAM / June 20, 2024
Shankar,
LTTE was not the legal representative of the Tamils, though they claim to be the representative of the Tamils. 13th Amendment is now a part of the Constitution of Sri Lanka.
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shankar / June 21, 2024
rajasingham
the problem is it is not fully implemented.sajith says he will now do that.
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AYATHURAY RAJASINGAM / June 21, 2024
Shankar,
First of all it should be accepted that an Accord can be entered between two countries only and not with an Organization that was not recognized by the international community. 13th Amendment is only a bi-product of the Peace Accord. LTTE failed to accept the 13th Amendment and win the hearts of India. Ltte was acting like Kymer Rouge in Cambodia. If the LTTE was not satisfied with the 13th Amendment, then the next option is to request India to make North-East Province as an Independent Territory within the Indian Union which would have met all the aspirations of the Tamils. There is a procedure for everything. Separation is dangerous to the Tamils as well as to India. Deep thinking is necessary.
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shankar / June 21, 2024
rajasingham
i agree with you that seperation is a poorly contructed objective by the tamil leaders.The vaddukottai resolution was a disaser planting the seeds of seperation in the tamil youth and when the tre had grown big and amirthalingam tried to get rid of seperation which he knew right from the beginning was not feasible,he got killed by the very same boys he encouraged at one time to get eelam..karma is a bitch.
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SJ / June 22, 2024
“The Vaddukottai resolution” served its purpose. It got the FP re-elected as TNA.
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shankar / June 22, 2024
we need leaders who think of the tamil people firtst and themselves second.
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Pandi Kutti / June 19, 2024
Nothing will happen and nothing will be implemented. They all go to the north and east, especially to the north and promise just Thamizh rights, release of lands and the implementation of the now extremely watered down and eroded Sec 13A, that is in reality useless, because now everything is in the hands of the central government. However, when they return to the south, the story is different they go around promising the first and foremost place will be given to Chingkallam and Buddhism. If Sec 13A is to be implemented it should be implemented with full land (including state lands) and police powers in the hands of the provincial council and all the other provisions, and powers that was taken away from the provincial government to the central Chingkalla run government and the north and east should be merged again as per the original agreement. As per the original agreement there was supposed to be only one provincial council in the north and east Provincial council, with all the powers of an Indian state and the rest of the island, which is the homeland of the Chingkallams the other unit
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Pandi Kutti / June 19, 2024
It was cunning crafty JR who deliberately created the other seven provincial councils , in the Chingkalla areas, to deliberately to start watering down the powers that signed to give to the original Tamil Northeast provincial council, and the racist war criminal Rajapussies with the help of a racist Chingkalla judge and the racist JVP now changed its spot and calling itself NPP further dealt the death blow by demerging the Tamil north from the Tamil East, with the intention of further Chingkalizing and Islamizing the ancient Thamizh east.
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Svenson / June 19, 2024
Hello Panty Kutti, 13A will never happen. Its just one of your many wet dreams. Enjoy.
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Pandi Kutti / June 19, 2024
Gee Thanks. From your comment I can see that you are extremely frustrated in every way and having a lot of dreams including wet and also nightmares. Herding Reindeer in the wilds of Lapland and only having Sukkar Pappa for company must be really lonely and boring and his huge Viking rod used on you daily must be giving you a lot of nightmares. By the way what are your wet dreams? Sniffing Sukkar Pappa’s panties or getting rammed by a reindeer. You poor thing not much of a choice. No wonder you are so frustrated and nasty. Bye for now my lonely nasty herder
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Lanka Canuck / June 20, 2024
Svenson
The 13A has already happened in 1987 and is now a part of the constitution. Only the police and land powers mentioned in it are still not implemented. Right from 1987, first the JVP & the SLFP and later the Buddhist monks and the Sinhala-Buddhists are protesting to get rid of the 13A. Around 69 million Sinhala-Buddhists elected Gotabaya Rajapakshe (an Anti-Tamil racist who was 100% against 13A) and gave him a two-third majority in parliament to get rid of the 13A from the constitution. Sadly, for the Sinhala-Buddhists, he could not even remove a comma from the 13A during his two and a half years as a president. If he could not do it, nobody else can. 13A will stay forever.
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AYATHURAY RAJASINGAM / June 20, 2024
Pandi Kutti,
There is no other option for Sri Lanka other than implementing the 13th Amendment. Has the Sri Lankan politicians ever thought of an alternative. But now something else is taking place. When the bridge between Rameswaram and Talaimanner is in the process. If this completed, it wil stretched to Trincomalee where Indian interests are present. Thereafter, Sri Lanka will be compelled to implement the 13th Amendment or to declare the North & East Province as an Independent Territory within the Union of India in accordance with the India’s Constitution. This will take sometime, within which period Sri Lanka will become bankrupt or Indians will dominate Sri Lanka. I do not know whether I will be alive to watch this.
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Pandi Kutti / June 20, 2024
OK what does your Modi and BJP say to this the illegal gathering of Buddhist monks and outside Chingkalla Buddhists at Kurunthoor Malai protected by the racist Chingkalla Police and armed forces, disobeying court orders. What does Thamizh Jaishankar say to this. Nothing most probably giving lots of help to Chingkalla racists. You can see on the video how the Chingkalla racist police and armed forces are protecting this trouble creating racist procession.
https://youtu.be/jCnYqaygnF0
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Pandi Kutti / June 20, 2024
Strange the high court gave permission for the Saivite Thamizh to worship in the ancient, disputed Sivan temple in Vedduku Nari Malai, that the Archeological Department now claims to be Chingkalla Buddhist. However, the Chingkalla police humiliated and assaulted and arrested the Saiva Thamizh worshippers who came to worship at Veduku Nari Malai as per court orders during Maha S ivaratri. Now the Chingkalla police and armed forces are protecting these outside rabid Chingkall Buddhist monks and outside Chingkallams. who are deliberately flocking to Kurunthoor Malai against court orders with police and armed forces protection to create problems and stir up trouble before election, all in the name of Chingkalla Buddhist Fascism, some powerful people and politicians and senior members of the police and armed forces behind this. Court gives permission to Hindu Thamizh to worship at disputed ancient Saivite temple they are beaten, humiliated and assaulted by the Chingkalla Police against court orders. Court forbids rabid Chingkalla Buddhist monks and laymen to worship or enter an illegally built Buddhist Viharai in Vedukku Nari Malai and the Chingkalla Police and armed forces protect these rabid racists from the local Thamizh and allow them to enter the illegally built Viharai against court orders to create trouble in a 100% Thamizh Hindu area.
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chiv / June 22, 2024
AR, let Modi, stop exam paper leak first, before building bridge to Lanka. Check the current state of NEET, UGC-NET, NEET- PG . . . . . ……… 30 to 40 lakh can get NEET, 6 to 8 lakh can get UGC.
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Ruchira / June 19, 2024
The same way there are Sinhala jokers, there are Tamil jokers too – and old Wiggy is proving that he himself is one. If you read the comments you can see who the others are. 23% of Sinhalese has the R1a1a-mutation the so called ‘Aryan Gene’. Read the wiki page on the topic to start with, then try again.
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Ruchira / June 20, 2024
The Very Erudite Tamil Doctor, Sankaralingam above refers to an Aryan Gene, which is a misnomer. There’s nothing called an Aryan Gene. R1a1a is a mutation, a point mutation – in more technical jargon a Single Nucleotide polymorphism or a SNP aka as a Snip. It’s different from a gene. .
A Gene consists of a series of nucleotides along the genome of an individual chromosome that has the ability to provide a code for the synthesis of proteins within cells. Proteins that are either structural or functional. In the genome there are parts such as these that could provide codes for protein sysnthesis as well as other parts inbetween them that doesn’t code for proteins. Former parts are called Exons and the latter ones Introns. Then there are regions that regulate the activity of exons. All these are made up of multiple neucleotides. Hundreds of them or thousands even.
.
TBC
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Ruchira / June 20, 2024
A point mutation is a change in one such nucleotide and could occur within a gene or outside a gene. When occurs and come to prevail at a certain frquency, 1% I think, in the population, they are called SNPs or Single Nucleotide Polymorphism.
.
These serve as genetic markers R1a1a is such a genetic marker that indicates people whose ancesters came from a certain part of the world to populate certain other parts, whether you call them Aryan or by any other name is irrelevant. What has been refuted and rejected is the existence of an Aryan ‘Race’ as such. This doesnt invalidates the idea of Aryan ancestry which refers to a particular genetic lineage coming from a certain part of the ancient world of ancient civilizations. This what is meant by Aryan ancestry. Not that they belong to a particular race biologically. There could be and are people with so called Aryan ancestry among many different ethnolinguistic communities including the Sinhalese.
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If you do not understand these basic concepts of heredity, therefore the concept of ancestry, you aren’t qualified to speak about them. Attempts to do so only makes you just another joker.
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Ruchira / June 19, 2024
Did anyone else noticed that old wiggy has dropped Kumari Kandam this time, but still harping on DNA studies? Does he know what a gene is to begin with? Or is he just being the ultracrepidarian he is!?
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Ruchira / June 20, 2024
Old Wiggy writes, “The North Eastern Tamils had during the time of Western occupation become a docile, studious community. That was how they came to occupy important positions of power during the time of the Westerners. It was their education and erudite background which gave them that edge over other communities. “
.
Ahhh I see… so the the tamils have the ERUDITE GENE! Got it! Got it!
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NativeVedda1000 / June 22, 2024
Ruchira
–
” Does he know what a gene is to begin with? “
–
You may be right he is just dropping names like Dayan, …. Lester, Soma, …. Ravi Perera, ….
–
Can you please explain what you know about gene/genetic?
Sorry I haven’t got a clue.
–
For example if I say Lester and you share your gene with Wimal Weerawansa, does that mean all of you are racists and very stupid people?
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chiv / June 22, 2024
OMG, that’s bad news. Wimal belongs to 1 + 1 = 0 category. An absolute fool who entertains others with his own stupidity.
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Ruchira / June 22, 2024
“For example if I say Lester and you share your gene with Wimal Weerawansa, does that mean all of you are racists and very stupid people?”
.
Possible- depending on the intellect of whose judging.
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Native Vedda / June 23, 2024
Ruchira
–
“Possible- depending on the intellect of whose judging.”
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I aimed that question at you and/or your fellow traveller Lester. I don’t think being a mathematician Weerawansa won’t take much interest in Genetic studies.
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Lester / June 22, 2024
Native,
You never gave me the list of veddas who graduated from top unis in the last 5 years. Are you too embarrassed to talk about your own people? You want to talk about stupid, the mirror doesn’t lie.
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Native Vedda / June 23, 2024
Lester
–
“Are you too embarrassed to talk about your own people? “
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No not really.
Knowing your past racist attitude towards minorities I don’t want you to introduce Standardisation policies against my people. Please leave them alone you need doctors.
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Ruchira / June 21, 2024
“The racial myth is a corollary to the linguistic myth and also a reaction to the resentment of being not rulers in any country and being oppressed too.
Call it inferiority complex if you like.”
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Word!
.
Sime cat somewhere just jumped out of the bag…!
🤣🤣🤣🤣
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LankaScot / June 22, 2024
Hello Ruchira,
A Scottish Historian Adrian C Grant has provide an explanation of a similar case in Scotland. Before I show his quote a bit of explanation. My Ancestors on my mother’s side were called Picts and probably spoke a language similar to Welsh. The Picts declined after the Scots (Gaelic speakers) and Picts combined their Kings in Kenneth McAlpin around the late 800s. The Pictish language fell into disuse, however a large amount of place names survived. After the defeat of the Jacobite rebellion in 1745/46 the Gaelic language was proscribed and the Clans broken up.
Nowadays much in Scottish History has a Gaelic bent to it. Adrian explains –
“The suppression of Gaelic following the failure of the Jacobite rebellions has led to chip-on-the-shoulderism and an inferiority complex manifesting as its antithesis – arrogant assertionism. In practical terms it means that for a long time place name
studies have been dominated and hence hampered by people who insist that any explanation must lie in Gaelic”.
If you replace the “Gaelic” references with “Tamil” you may see some similarities.
Best regards
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Lester / June 22, 2024
LS,
If you are implying Tamils have an inferiority complex, the next logical step would be to trace the source. Start here: https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/violent-vellahlas-despised-oppressed-the-tamils/
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Sinhala_Man / June 22, 2024
Dear Wiggy,
.
I understand your feeling that a “Protest Vote’ by Tamils is necessary. Unfortunate for us.
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Will you ask your voters to, thereafter, give AKD a Preference Vote? That is: Number 1 for your common Candidate, 2 or 3 for AKD. I will say more later.
.
I know that there is a real danger of the average voter spoiling his vote. X, 2, 3, will be a spoilt vote! However, even lots of spoilt votes from the North will also give the message of dis-satisfaction, although less powerful than a valid vote for a Tamil candidate.
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Panini Edirisinhe (NIC 483111444V) of 51B, Golf Links Road, Bandarawela, Sri Lanka
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